H.J Heinz Company :: essays research papers

H.J. Heinz Company      H.J. Heinz Company, ordinarily known as Heinz, popular for its â€Å"57 Varieties† trademark, was established in 1869, by Henry John Heinz, in Sharpsburg, Pennsylvania. In 1869, the multi year old Henry started a new business with L. Clarence Noble as â€Å"Heinz and Noble.† The main item they propelled was as a matter of fact horseradish. The sauce was one of a kind in that it was sold in clear glass jugs to show its immaculateness, though rivals utilized shaded glass to conceal the low quality of their items. There was an explanation that author Henry John Heinz showed his item in straightforward containers. He stood firm on quality and gladly showed the entirety of his items to the individuals and his rivals by utilizing an unmistakable jug to show that his items where the genuine article and the best. From the earliest starting point of Heinz, the driving thought was quality, and quality is the thing that made Heinz the organization it is today.      After horseradish came pickles, sauerkraut, and vinegar, conveyed by horse-attracted carts to food merchants and around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Preparing, pressing and the central command workplaces shared a two-story farmhouse in Sharpsburg, at the city’s northern edge. However, inside five years, Heinz and accomplice L. C. Honorable needed to move to bigger quarters in view of their huge development. They were headed to getting one of the nation’s driving makers of sauces. Heinz and Noble could consider as a part of its benefits a hundred sections of land of nursery along the Allegheny River †30 sections of land of horseradish †alongside 24 ponies, twelve carts and a vinegar manufacturing plant in St. Louis.      After beginning achievement, the organization was constrained into chapter 11 out of 1875, a time of monetary downturn and harvest excess. Nonetheless, this fruitful youthful venture was not going to let the financial frenzy of 1875 prevent it from turning into the world’s driving tomato processor.      After the financial emergency, Heinz began once again with sibling, John and cousin, Frederick, in 1875. The new association with his sibling and cousin, â€Å"H. and J. Heinz†, appeared. In the downturn welcomed on by the financial breakdown, it was a troublesome first year, yet one in which another item was presented and would turn into its most notable item †tomato ketchup. Red and green pepper sauce before long followed, at that point juice vinegar, creamy fruit spread, stew sauce, mincemeat, mustard, tomato soup, olives, salted onions, cured cauliflower, heated beans and the primary sweet pickles at any point brought to advertise.

The Effects of Evolving Technology on Business Industries

The main thing in this world that is consistent is change. This is an essentially referred to stating which existed for as far back as I can recall. Thinking back 50 years and more from today, I can review how we used to handle in class about how individuals have lived hundreds of years prior. Globalization is the aftereffect of humans’ interminable quest for upgrades and mechanical advancements. It is a combination of economy, work and innovation everywhere throughout the world, even across worldwide fringes. This development has expanded the progression of capital, merchandise, rivalry and work across outskirts which, thusly, had profoundly changed the genuine significance of citizenship. Today, the upsurge of improvements in innovation undeniably affects how associations work inside and with different foundations. For an association, its prosperity and disappointment extraordinarily relies upon how the association was organized to function. The drive to improve people groups living example is as yet a similar drive or factor which triggers universal firms to globalize their tasks and with that, today’s most recent innovation makes the company’s and customers life simpler It empower organizations to decrease cost by utilizing amazing hardware and apparatuses while purchasers can have simpler access to the freshest items in the market. The development of another innovation presents the two dangers and openings inside the business elements and adjusts the serious powers. Industry pioneers face the chance of losing their main spot and being supplanted by new contestants and dark horses (since boundaries to passage might be brought down). In this manner, innovation changes may give significant moves in industry elements. Contingent upon its authoritative capacities, it might be fortunate or unfortunate to make extreme acclimations to the current association when a troublesome development happens. Troublesome change happens so discontinuously that there is no standard reaction to them. Step by step instructions to alter its new item improvement process relies upon the associations abilities. Capacities are its assets, forms (how they change assets to items), and corporate qualities. While assets are versatile to change, forms are not as adaptable, and qualities are even less adaptable. Accordingly, when a troublesome mechanical change happens, an organization must look to its abilities. On the off chance that the change requires a gigantic measure of monetary assets that the organization doesn't have, at that point they clearly can't put resources into the change, on the flipside, if a huge capital firm faces a similar change, the interest in the troublesome innovation might be little to such an extent that it does not merit their increasingly important time. A similar situation goes for procedures and qualities. Huge firms might be huge to the point, that modifying their procedures to suit a change might be too difficult though littler firms may have an a lot simpler time making alterations in their procedures. Furthermore, almost certainly, a littler firm’s qualities might be more adaptable for troublesome change than huge organizations whose longstanding qualities are not effectively versatile. To defeat the normal inertial found in most huge associations, supervisors may make new structures inside the association where new procedures can be created. This includes taking out workers with the necessary abilities and drawing another limit around them. When the organization’s qualities may not be good with the new procedures, firms may make a totally different undertaking which is completely claimed by the firm yet situated in another area with the individuals and different assets important to make a domain helpful for the new procedure. What's more, last, when a firm doesn’t have the supporting qualities, assets or procedures for continuing another procedure, it might obtain another firm which does. A few variables may affect specific stages in the development of another innovation. For instance, mechanical advances, changes in what customers need or need, and changes in guidelines may trigger an innovation development. What's more, industry changes frequently feed of natural changes. Anyway this important change, once activated, doesn't really start until supervisors notice this need and follow up on it. When acting, supervisors look to investigation, and this experimentation profoundly impacts the business as it enables shape what the new business to structure will be. Thus, as examinations fizzle, the quantity of firms in the business for the most part is sliced down the middle, however periodically may increment. An industry’s reaction to another innovation decides when and how the mechanical change will happen. Without administrative knowledge and dynamic identified with the innovation, the present business structure will continue. Directors are basically the ones putting resources into these new advances and they pick how and when to advertise them to general society, and in this manner have at last the underlying authority over the change. On the off chance that the business all in all doesn't react well to the innovation, they may not decide to contribute and showcase it, accordingly hindering its development. In actuality, in the event that they react well, it quickens the advancement of the change. In the event that the business all in all is uncertain significance some kindness some don't and some are going back and forth, the change may just observe moderate development, and relying upon which course assessments are influenced (possibly in support of the innovation), the change might be finished or the advancement may never meet its pinnacle. One of the primary advancements of innovation was the centralized server framework and it was during the 1960’s that PCs and such began to grant in associations and firms. The exemplary methods of hierarchal administration frameworks began to crumble during these occasions. Through innovative change, globalizing the activities of a worldwide organization could set up a ranch where they can diminish their work cost. Not denying the way that various individuals from various nations have various tastes, universal organizations could likewise customize their items as per the buyers or markets inclinations without disposing of their gauges and trademark. Previously, data control was essentially dealt with by those in administrative situations in a straight way as indicated by rank. With these frameworks of innovation, data was taken care of as to such an extent that organization straightforwardness is moderately existent for the individuals who can get hold of certain data. The assault of advancements in innovation has activated authoritative structure modifications. These progressions can be shown by thinking about two key factors: the area of data and the area of choice rights in the association (Brynjolfsson E. also, H. Mendelsson). With the creative innovative frameworks today, significant data can now be accessible to all representatives or laborers in an association at all level. Previously, data dealing with and benefit was constrained to the people that straightforwardly handle them. Presently, the duty of dealing with data is left to data technologists or professionals. The experts at that point put information or data into databases which are open to all parts of the association For instance, an association can have a site, normally kept up and refreshed by proficient data technologists. Here, representatives, chiefs and clients the same, can sign on to the site and access whatever data they required. Moreover, having sites is likewise an extraordinary bit of leeway since supportive inputs are simpler to get from the two clients and representatives. The developing requirement for innovation advancements clears approach to reinforcing certain ventures in a corporate world; like information the executives administrations, PC engineers, data technologists, programming planners or builds et cetera. In spite of the fact that there are still associations or organizations that are reluctant to utilize data innovation, a developing number of associations are opening to the chance of rebuilding their associations to suit the benefits of utilizing the advanced data frameworks of today. Seeing as innovation development not just sets aside time and cash; it is likewise effective and truly adaptable as for the association that picks to implant it in their current structure. In addition to the fact that it revolutionizes an association from inside. Through the considerably utilized World Wide Web, associations can impart and help out different associations in a quicker, increasingly productive and less expensive way. Today, with the utilization of virtual workplaces, it is conceivable to close arrangements and understandings from taking an interest people the world over without genuinely meeting one another. These days, as more associations center around the significance of data stream, authoritative structures keep on changing into increasingly complex systems.â subsequently, there is additionally a nonstop drive to make more upgrades and headway in the field of mechanical advancement. These days, PC and work area have been overwhelmed by new availability choices. There are different of USB gadgets like Digital cameras, iPods, PDAs, FireWire, thumb drives and MP3 players; with current advances, for example, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and infrared (IrDA). With all these developing prevalence of versatile gadgetry encouraging adaptable working, obviously representatives could chip away at the move. Endpoint frameworks today are effectively accessible. They are easy to understand and typically accompany more than one element. With every one of these comforts, it additionally implies that workers could be hefting around a lot of touchy data unconscious of the potential dangers. Not exclusively can secret information be lost, representatives could likewise accidentally present malware onto the system while transferring work from versatile gadgets. Be that as it may, along with this portability in work, come different infections which will bust your documents just as your devices. The impact of innovation had a major effect in the l

MPA-DP Spotlight Urban Mobility Master Class and the Summer Field Placement COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

MPA-DP Spotlight Urban Mobility Master Class and the Summer Field Placement COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The MPA in Development Practice program has some distinct educational opportunities for students. Here we highlight two of them: 1. Master Class: Urban Mobility On Saturday November 9th, six generations of MDP students came to attend Paloma Ruiz’s, Principal Executive of Transport Infrastructure for the CAF MasterClass. Paloma (MDP’13 alumni) focused on the importance of urban mobility development in reaching overall inclusive and sustainable development. During the master class Paloma presented real-life policy cases from Colombia, Ecuador, China, the US, and Europe for attendants’ better understanding of how well planned transport infrastructure projects can reinforce institutional capacity and general improvements to people’s quality of life. The Urban Mobility Master Class. 2. Ryo Ogura MPA-DP 20 and his Summer Placement experience Ryo Ogura (MPA-DP’20) spent his summer placement at the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) in Beijing, China, a newly established multilateral development bank focusing on sustainable infrastructure investment. As an intern in the Office of Treasurer, he worked on robotic process automation to improve operation efficiency, long-term cash flow forecasting model building. Ryo Ogura MPA-DP 20 with colleague Jonathan Poon MPA-DP 16 at AIIB. Learn more about the  MPA-DP Program: Instagram:  columbiasipa_mpadp Twitter: @ColumbiaMPADP LinkedIn Facebook

Internet Privacy Essays - 1814 Words

Internet Privacy The concern about privacy on the Internet is increasingly becoming an issue of international dispute. ?Citizens are becoming concerned that the most intimate details of their daily lives are being monitored, searched and recorded.? (www.britannica.com) 81% of Net users are concerned about threats to their privacy while online. The greatest threat to privacy comes from the construction of e-commerce alone, and not from state agents. E-commerce is structured on the copy and trade of intimate personal information and therefore, a threat to privacy on the Internet. The Internet?s leading advertising company, DoubleClick, Inc. compiled thorough information on the browsing routine of millions of users. They accomplished this†¦show more content†¦(www.britannica.com) In 2000 Amazon.com created controversy when they changed their privacy policy without warning. They announced that customers were no longer allowed to obstruct the distribution of personal data. Globally Unique Identifiers, or GUIDS make it possible to link every file, e-mail communication, and on-line chat room posting with the real-world identity of the person who created it. The unease for this issue is also growing. GUIDs are a kind of serial number that can be connected with a person?s name and e-mail address when he registers on-line for merchandise or service. One of the most popular Internet music players, RealJukebox was recognized in November 1999 by privacy advocates when they realized that the music each user downloaded could pinpoint a user?s identity by matching it with a unique identification number. There were even various software products such as Microsoft Word 97 and PowerPoint 97, which implanted distinct identifiers into every document. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;?Americans increasingly seem to agree that Congress should save them from the worst excesses of online profiling.? (www.britannica.com) A poll conducted in March for Business Week magazine showed that 57% of the respondents said that the government should pass laws that modify how personal information could be collected and used on theShow MoreRelatedGoogle and Internet Privacy717 Words   |  3 PagesGoogle and Internet Privacy In this exercise on ethics and privacy policy we focus our studies on an oft occurring situation in offices that have multiple employees sharing office resources that may lead to intrusive instances. The case refers to a couple of employee’s complaints of unwarranted pop-ups on their computers from unsolicited advertisers. In particular, the ads pertain to some sorts of HIV/AIDS medications that stimulate recovery from this fatal disease or at least help cope with itRead More Essay on Internet Privacy - Invasion of Privacy on the Internet964 Words   |  4 PagesInvasion of Privacy on the Internet       Invasion of privacy is a serious issue concerning the Internet, as e-mails can be read if not encrypted, and cookies can track a user and store personal information. Lack of privacy policies and employee monitoring threatens security also. Individuals should have the right to protect themselves as much as possible from privacy invasion and shouldnt have to give in to lowered standards of safety being pursued by the government.    EncryptionRead MoreInternet Privacy And The Internet1895 Words   |  8 PagesInternet privacy is an issue that has constantly taken up a portion of the world stage for many years. Legislators are even now trying to find the delicate balance between Internet privacy and Internet security. The medium of the Internet is simply too new to be completely understood by lawmakers, and it will take some time before there is a complete grasp. Online Privacy and Facebook Nowadays, the new generation life without Facebook is almost unthinkable. Since its inception in 2004, this popularRead MoreInternet Privacy1375 Words   |  6 PagesA Right to Privacy? What a Joke! It has become a sad and upsetting fact that in todays society the truth is that the right to ones privacy in the I.T (information technological) world has become, simply a joke. In an electronic media article No place to hide, written by James Norman, two interesting and debatable questions were raised: ‘Are we witnessing the erosion of the demarcation of public and private spaces brought on by the networked economy and new technology? Also, ‘What rolesRead MoreInternet Privacy1946 Words   |  8 PagesInternet Privacy The concern about privacy on the Internet is increasingly becoming an issue of international dispute. ?Citizens are becoming concerned that the most intimate details of their daily lives are being monitored, searched and recorded.? (www.britannica.com) 81% of Net users are concerned about threats to their privacy while online. The greatest threat to privacy comes from the construction of e-commerce alone, and not from state agents. E-commerce is structured on the copy andRead MoreInternet Privacy Ethics1395 Words   |  6 Pages 1 II. Cookies and User Profiling 1 III. Privacy laws 2 IV. Web Eavesdropping Read MoreEssay on Internet Privacy1325 Words   |  6 PagesInternet Privacy It has become a sad and upsetting fact that in today’s society the truth is that the right to one’s privacy in the I.T (information technological) world has become, simply a joke. In an electronic media article â€Å"No place to hide†, written by James Norman, two interesting and debatable questions were raised: ‘Are we witnessing the erosion of the demarcation of public and private spaces brought on by the networked economy and new technology?’ Also, ‘What roles do government, industryRead MoreInternet Privacy And The Internet954 Words   |  4 Pagesunauthorized information by computer, but they actually make the internet a safer place. With the growth of the internet comes the growth of hackers and internet privacy. New laws that would increase internet privacy and, limit hackers would halt the internets growth and development. Since the year 2000, the internet has grown enormously we can all agree and with this growth comes a growth of internet users. With all the internet users, online comes people trying to accuse their information byRead More Internet Privacy Essay699 Words   |  3 Pagesabout privacy and security? Im not a criminal or a terrorist. Ive got nothing to hide. These are things that most people think. They also believe the internet is much more secure and that their personal information is only available to them, whereas this is actually quite wrong. There are more reasons to want to protect your privacy than can be named. The important principal is that you have a right to privacy as long as that right is used within the bounds of the law. Seeking privacy shouldRead MorePrivacy on Internet Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesIII April 1st, 2012 Internet Privacy Essay With the internet gaining such popularity, privacy has become a thing of the past. People have come to accept that strangers can view personal information about them on social networks such as facebook, and companies and the government are constantly viewing peoples’ activity online for a variety of reasons. The government has attempted to help the consumer regain their privacy online by passing the Consumer Internet Privacy Protection Act of 1997

Who Originally Invented Pantyhose

Allen Gant invented pantyhose  in 1953. At the time Gant ran the Glen Raven Knitting Mill of North Carolina,  which was founded by his father John Gant in 1902. Gant was inspired to invent the garment by his pregnant wife, Ethel. According to Gants son, Allen Gant, Jr., Ethel complained that it was too uncomfortable to wear her garter belt while pregnant -- and at the time, this was the only way to hold up her stockings. Gant went to work, and his company eventually introduced a combination of underpants and stockings  on the open market in 1959. With the addition of an opaque nylon top, pantyhose eliminated the need for multiple foundation garments. In 1965, Glen Raven Mills developed a seamless pantyhose version that coincided with the introduction of the miniskirt. The need for stockings that went higher than the short skirts made the undergarment explode in popularity.   The popularity of pantyhose has fallen off in the last couple of decades, as both bare legs and trousers have become more popular among women. Julie Newmar - Improvements to Pantyhose Julie Newmar, a living Hollywood film and television legend, is an inventor in her own right. The former Catwoman patented ultra-sheer, ultra-snug pantyhose. Known for her work in films such as Seven Brides for Seven Brothers and Slaves of Babylon, Newmar has also appeared recently in Fox Televisions Melrose Place and the hit feature film To Wong Fu, Thanks for Everything, Love Julie Newmar.

Sociology and Material Culture Free Essays

Haley Schweitzer Sociology 1010 Term Paper Sociology and Oops My Mistake Sociology is defined as, the study of people doing things together or more specifically, â€Å"the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings† (Merriam Webster Dictionary). This paper will examine the discourse of structure in sociology, the sociology of culture, and the deviance and sanctions in sociology. After discussing these topics, I will illustrate my act of norm breaking and how it ties in with these three areas of sociology. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology and Material Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The structure of sociology can be identified as, the relationship of definite entities or groups to each other, enduring patterns of behavior by participants in a social system in relation to each other, and institutionalized norms or cognitive frameworks that structure the actions of actors in the social system. Basically saying within the structure are groups, statuses, roles, and institutions. In sociology, a group refers to two or more people who interact on a basis of shared qualities and experiences. A status refers to a specific position within a group, for example, a manager, employee, or a grandma. Within statuses there are two subgroups, ascribed status and achieved status. An ascribed status is one that is unalterable, such as a grandma. An achieved status is one that is obtainable, such as a manager. A role is an expected behavior within a status. For example, while an employee states the position of that role, the employee’s guidelines determine what behavior is appropriate for his/her role. This is the same concept for a status and a role. An institution is complex social structures that meet basic human needs. There are five main institutions: family, economy, education, politics, and religion. The sociology of culture consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. Through culture, people and groups define themselves, conform to society’s shared values, and contribute to society. Thus, culture is constructed from three components which are norms, values, and material culture. Norms are â€Å"rules† within a culture that specify how people should conduct themselves every day.  Read also  Sociology and Social Integration. For example, one norm that may vary among different cultures is oculesics (eye behavior). Americans, for instance, maintain fairly direct eye contact when conversing with others. Asians, on the other hand, may avert their eyes as a sign of politeness and respect. A culture’s values are its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just. For example, a European that came to where I work said there was a saying in his country that Europeans worked to live, while Americans lived to work. So the values are different in America than they are in Europe. Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture. These include homes, neighborhoods, schools, churches and so forth. All of these physical aspects of a culture help to define its members’ behaviors and perceptions. For example, technology is a vital aspect of material culture in the United States today. American students must learn to use computers to survive in college and business, in contrast to young adults in the Yanomamo society in the Amazon who must learn to build weapons and hunt to survive. Deviance is any behavior that violates social norms, and is usually of sufficient severity to warrant disapproval from the majority of society. Deviance can be criminal or non-criminal. Today, Americans consider such activities as alcoholism, excessive gambling, being nude in public places, stealing, lying, refusing to bathe—to name only a few—as deviant. Sanctions are socially constructed expressions of approval or disapproval. Sanctions can be positive or negative. A positive sanction rewards someone for following a norm and serves to encourage the continuance of a certain type of behavior. For instance, when parents reward a child with money for earning good grades, they are positively sanctioning that child’s behavior. A negative sanction is a way of communicating that a society, or some group in that society, does not approve of a particular behavior. For instance, imprisoning a criminal for breaking the law, and taking away a teenager’s television privileges for breaking curfew are all negative sanctions. The arena I chose for my norm breaking was my downstairs TV room with group of friends some of which I wasn’t well acquainted with. The statuses consisted of many friends with a few friends of friends. The roles to be played in the group were well mannered and somewhat proper of being at someone’s house that you don’t know very well. The expected roles of my close friends and I were to behave politely and welcoming. Most of my friends are well behaved but also a lot of fun to be around. I have a very diverse group of friends with all different kinds of beliefs. Now since new people I hadn’t met before were coming along I made the room all nice, clean and well organized. I didn’t want people to come and see my house for the first time and not want to come back. I bought some different snacks and drinks for everyone to enjoy during the movie and hopefully make them feel more comfortable and at home. We all gathered on a typical Friday night to watch a movie at my house. One of my closer friends hasn’t had much experience with girls but recently I was able to hook him up with a kind of friend of mine so I invited them along to join us. When he and his girlfriend got to the house me and her started some small talk and she said he was lacking in the first kiss department. I told her he was probably just nervous but that I would get to the bottom of it. I thought about it since I had yet to do the whole norm breaking thing and decided this would be the easiest and most comfortable thing I would be able to do. I mean I had my close friends there but I also had some strangers that were most likely still trying to figure all the new people out. When the movie started I sat near the couple and observed both of their movements to decide whether or not to do it. The movie ended, I got up and turned the lights on and just as I predicted there she was sending millions of hints his way that he had to be seeing the whole time but still nothing. Well it was now or never I walked right up to her grabbed her face a planted one on her, I looked at her face bright red and utterly confused then looked at Blake and said, â€Å"Oh she was hinting at you†¦ sorry, my mistake,† and I walked out of the awkward, silent room for a minute to get myself together. I walked back to a rather confused room with very weird looks from everyone. There was silence for a couple of minutes then I explained to all of them why I did what I did. This resulted in a lot of laughter and uncontrollable crying. But still some judging looks. My negative sanctions were the strange looks from all the new people I had just met as well as the very embarrassed and angry look from Blake. Also that the new people that had come that had come that night would not return and when I would see them around town I was avoided and looked at as a â€Å"freak. † In conclusion, I was able to examine the sanctions of deviant behavior from a personal standpoint and the effects it may have when people decide to break norms in a situation after learning the structure of sociology as well as the rules of deviance and sanctions. How to cite Sociology and Material Culture, Papers

Artistic and Psychological Experiments

Question: Discuss about the Artistic and Psychological Experiments. Answer: Introduction The paper will aim to review the journal on psychology regarding synesthesia. Synesthesia is a condition whereby a feature such as a shape like a letter A and B evoke a perception of another condition e. A can evoke the red color while B evokes the blue color on an individual's perception (Dick, 2014). Another definition is that synesthesia is a phenomenon in which an individual experiences unusual perception evoked y the activation of unrelated sensory modality or through a cognitive process (Malim, 2011). According to the author, tests performed by Baron-Cohen, Burt Smith and Harrison established the authenticity of artificial colors. Regardless of the tests, the author states that it is still not clear at what stage the visual of color processing stream is evoked. The article tries to answer the above dilemma by posting questions as to whether it involves relating to high levels of mental association and memories or if the colors are evoked earlier in visual processing and imbued with qualia (Malim, 2011). The article explains that tests that involved the use of embedded shapes tasks, identified that synthetically stimulated colors could lead to pop-out and texture segregation, this shows that there is perceptual evidence for synesthesia. The author cites another test conducted by Hubbard and Ramachadran (2010) in which they encountered two synesthesias at least, who saw colors in numbers that do not exist in the real world. This test indicates that synesthesia may not be as a result of acquired learning but rather the individual's perception. In the article, various theories have made efforts to explain the synesthesia phenomenon. Such theory includes the cross-sectional theory. The theory suggests that synesthesia comes about as a result of cross-activation of between posterior temporal grapheme areas (PTGA) and the color processing area known as the V4. The disinhibited feedback theory explains that synesthesia arises from the disinhibiting of pre-existing feedback connections. The author highlights that similar finding such as those put forward by the cross-sectional theory, re-appeared during the test conducted by Hubbard and Ramachadran in 2010. The author includes another experiment that consisted of four participants who were asked to read the right words they would spot among a list of reversed words and wrong words. The test found that the average error rate for synthetics as 0.03% while that for non-synthetics stood at 23.8%. The author adds that during the same test some of the participants remarked that they first noticed the color before they could identify the shapes of the letters, and they used the color to clue them on the letters. This test concluded that the four synthetics of grapheme are processed unconsciously up to the fusiform and the cross-activate the color cells in V4 before the information is transmitted higher up where the color is used to infer the grapheme (Dark, 2009). The experiment also concluded that in projector synthesis, the phenomenon seems to occur at earlier in sensory processing. The initial stages of letter processing, the visual inputs are used to trigger the component features of the letters (the lines and curves). The trigger leads to the activation of all letter and character that consist of all or some of the component features. Therefore following this logic, the participants managed to identify the right words through processing the synthetic colors relatively earlier and sending the extra information to a higher level of sensory processing, and thus providing additional insight into reading the distorted words and backward-written texts (Baron-Cohen Harrison, 2014). Strengths of the article The author has managed to deliver the overall understanding of the synesthesia phenomenon through the support of several pieces of research, experiments, and theories cited by other authors. The use of pictures in the article further enhances the understanding of the phenomenon as well as the degree at which the experiments were conducted. The statistical data incorporated in the literature has also contributed to the genuineness of the findings. The structure of the article seems more of a review rather than a research as it relies heavily on other researchers work rather than the author's findings or experiments. However, the article's structure is well simplified and can deliver the point easily to the leader. The over reliance on other people's work brings about the question of credibility as some findings may be structured in a biased way. Cases where such issues of credibility arise include, the Ramachandran way of personifying characters and letters. She suggested that according to her perception, letter A seems to be the jealous one while B is quiet and non-assertive (Campen, 2010). Such findings leave the reader with a question as to whether the synesthesia phenomenon is learned or is dependent upon the individual's way of viewing life. Conclusion The article has managed to deliver the most relevant points to the reader. This is due to its simplicity in writing and structure. However, the credibility of the findings still remains questionable. References Baron-Cohen, S. Harrison, J. (2014).Synaesthesia(1st ed.). Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell. Campen, C. (2010).Artistic and psychological experiments with synesthesia(1st ed.). Cognition, Object Formation, Speech Perception, Time Perception, Visual Attention, Visual Information Processing, Visual Memory. (2009).Perception Psychophysics,71(1), 3-4. https://dx.doi.org/10.3758/app.71.1.3 Dark, V. (2009). Switching between memory and perception: Moving attention or memory retrieval?.Memory Cognition,18(2), 119-127. https://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03197088 Dick, A. (2014). Iconic memory and its relation to perceptual processing and other memory mechanisms.Perception Psychophysics,16(3), 575-596. https://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03198590 Malim, T. (2011).Cognitive processes(1st ed.). London: Macmillan.

What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts Essay Example

What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts Paper Searle starts his explanation of social reality by outlining brute or observer independent facts. Searle is a realist and does not subscribe to the view that all of reality is somehow a human creation and that there are only facts dependant on the human mind. The foundation of Searles construction of social reality to use his metaphor of construction is that there is a reality totally independent of us. These facts, which act independently of us, are brute facts. Searles rough and ready approach is to ask whether these features would exist if there had never been human beings or sentient creatures. Would a hydrogen atom contain one electron? Yes. Would a rectangle of plastic with a magnetic strip be a form of exchanging wealth? No. Generally speaking the natural sciences deal with these features. In Searles theory the world is made up of particles in fields of force described by atomic theory and human beings have evolved from ape like creatures due to evolutionary biology. The brute features of an object are an intrinsic part of its existence and are not affected by attitudes towards it, and it is therefore described as observer independent. Searle clearly distinguishes between the features of a stone that are observer independent and observer relative by comparing two statements; that object is a stone and that object is a paperweight. A stone is a stone because of its atomic structure and physical constituents, however the statement that it is a paperweight is dependant on attitudes towards it. Another person may think of it as a weapon, or as a building material. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The difference between brute and observer dependant is reasonably simple when applied to a stone if the barrier of language is ignored, brute facts require the institution of language in order that we can state the facts, but the brute facts themselves exist quite independently of language or any other institutions. Searle uses the example of colours as a more complicated example of brute reality. If Searle had published his theory before the work of seventeenth century physicists he would have asserted that colour only had brute features, however due to advances in light physics colour is now seen as observer relative. Building on the foundation of a brute reality, which is not open to interpretation. Searle then arrives at social and institutional reality. His early example of sitting outside a cafe and ordering a drink in terms of social reality is extremely complex. Searle states that there are three essential components of social and institutional reality that explain the ordinary social relations that occurred in the cafe: collective intentionality, assignment of function and constitutive rules. The assignment of function can be seen as the first building block in Searles construction of social reality. Preceded by the idea that there are brute facts, which cannot be challenged by human thought or intentionality, the assignment of function is a product of thought and consciousness. There are no functions naturally occurring in brute reality. Both humans and animals assign function and uses to objects. There are examples of simplistic functions in the animal world such as an animal using a lake or pool to drink from. The chair I sit on has been assigned the use of me sitting on it because it is the right height off the ground, can support my weight and is comfortable. It is also the product of an industrial process, which has involved the assignment of function at every level of production from the raw materials used upwards. The chair has been constructed with the intention of me sitting but I can also assign different uses to it. Collective intentionality is the second step. Species of animals have a biologically innate collective intentionality, meaning that not only will they co-operate with each other on order to achieve a task, but that they share a collective intentionality. Searle states that we intentionality is irreducible to I- intentionality and that the crucial element is a sense of doing something together, from this we derive our own individuals intentionality from the collective intentionality we share. Searle states that any fact involving collective intentionality is a social fact. Collective intentionality and assignment of function are essential to the construction of social reality. A world of levers, screwdrivers and beauty all require thinking creatures to assign function and to behave with a collective will. Social facts do not require linguistic or cultural apparatus to exist. To use a log as a seat I do not have to possess the linguistic skills to identify the stone to another person through speech or to have seen someone else use it as a seat, it is simply the physical characteristics of the log that appeal to me. This leads on to institutional facts, a special sub class of social fact. Where social facts are created by collective conscious activity, institutional facts also require the institutions of language and culture to exist. Only linguistic creatures can create institutions. Institutional facts require the distinction to be made between regulative rules and constitutive rules. Regulative rules regulate the behaviour of those taking part in an activity. Constitutive rules bring behaviour into existence, the rules constituting that behaviour. A feature of institutional reality is that it can be created by performance utterances. Searle classes these speech acts as declarations, the utterance of this meeting is adjourned creates the fact. Searles explanation of constitutive rules forming an institutional fact is the example of money. His belief is that x counts as Y or that X counts as Y in context C. and this counts in the example of all institutional facts, institutional facts only existing within a system of these constitutive rules. Institutional facts require a set of systematic relations with other facts. Searle uses the example of money in that for money to function it requires other institutions, the institutions of exchange and ownership. Money requires the next step from collective consciousness and imposition of function. The function of money is not assigned because of its physical properties in the way that a branch can be used as a lever. The function of money only exists because of cooperation and acceptance. This is the next logical step required for something to be an institutional fact. To expand on this point Searle uses the example of a wall as an example of assignment of function, collective consciousness and finally institution. Firstly the wall is constructed due to its physical properties, the imposition of function is due to its scale. Searle then imagines that the wall crumbles and gradually evolves from being a physical barrier to a symbolic barrier. The people that have built the wall still think of it as a wall and boundary but it no longer possesses the physical attributes. The crumbling wall has been assigned a status. The example of a wall is central to Searles social reality and the idea of institutional facts, and reveals the continuous line from molecules and mountains to legislation and money, from basic assignment of function to the creation of hugely complex institutions like the stock market.

Free Essays on Curleys Wife Of Mice And Men

Appearance Curley’s wife is an unnamed character in the book of Mice & Men. Her appearance is more of a show girl image. She is described in chapter 2, page 32 as having full rouge lips, wide spaced eyes, heavily mad up. Her finger nails were real, her hair hung in little rolled clusters like sausages. She wore a cotton house dress and red mules on the insteps of which were little bouquets of ostrich feathers. On page 81,chaper 4, there is another good description of her when she enters the bunk house and asks â€Å"any of you boys seen Curly?† . ‘Her face was heavily mad up. Her lips were slightly parted. She breathed strongly, at though she had been running, with an appearance that did not suit her surroundings’. She is called by different names such as Loo Loo (page 56) by the other men. On other occasions she is called rat trap (page 36), tart (pages 31, 32 and 105), good looking (page 35), girl (page 40,85 and 100), jail bait (page 57), bitch (page 35 and 90), tramp (page 35 and 104). History Curley’s wife lived in the Salinas when she was a kid. She then met an actor who said she could be in a show but her mother wouldn't let her, because she was too young. She also met another guy who promised her a place in the movies because she was a ‘natural’. He said he would write her a letter from Hollywood but it never came. Curley’s wife thought her mother had stolen it (Page 93 & 94). She never made it in the movies but she still hoped to before she died (Lennie killed her). Personality Curley and his wife have recently got married. His wife is discontent and doesn’t really like Curley. She wants to be accepted and have more friends, so she flirts with the workers. She has a very split personality. She threatens Crooks when he annoys her. She is kind to Lennie and opens up her dreams and inner feelings to him. But she ... Free Essays on Curleys Wife Of Mice And Men Free Essays on Curleys Wife Of Mice And Men Appearance Curley’s wife is an unnamed character in the book of Mice & Men. Her appearance is more of a show girl image. She is described in chapter 2, page 32 as having full rouge lips, wide spaced eyes, heavily mad up. Her finger nails were real, her hair hung in little rolled clusters like sausages. She wore a cotton house dress and red mules on the insteps of which were little bouquets of ostrich feathers. On page 81,chaper 4, there is another good description of her when she enters the bunk house and asks â€Å"any of you boys seen Curly?† . ‘Her face was heavily mad up. Her lips were slightly parted. She breathed strongly, at though she had been running, with an appearance that did not suit her surroundings’. She is called by different names such as Loo Loo (page 56) by the other men. On other occasions she is called rat trap (page 36), tart (pages 31, 32 and 105), good looking (page 35), girl (page 40,85 and 100), jail bait (page 57), bitch (page 35 and 90), tramp (page 35 and 104). History Curley’s wife lived in the Salinas when she was a kid. She then met an actor who said she could be in a show but her mother wouldn't let her, because she was too young. She also met another guy who promised her a place in the movies because she was a ‘natural’. He said he would write her a letter from Hollywood but it never came. Curley’s wife thought her mother had stolen it (Page 93 & 94). She never made it in the movies but she still hoped to before she died (Lennie killed her). Personality Curley and his wife have recently got married. His wife is discontent and doesn’t really like Curley. She wants to be accepted and have more friends, so she flirts with the workers. She has a very split personality. She threatens Crooks when he annoys her. She is kind to Lennie and opens up her dreams and inner feelings to him. But she ...

The latest technology has negative effects also Research Paper

The latest technology has negative effects also - Research Paper Example Their drawbacks associated with computers include the time that students and young generation waste playing games, chatting, listening to music and net surfing. In addition, the continuously changing software has made it impossible for older employees to continue working with the new technological advancements at their work places. This factor has led to an increase in unemployment. However, there is a technique available to solve this issue which involves the participation of employees in training programs but it would lead to higher costs for the businesses. The security issues that are linked to the data stored in computers are also counted as a drawback of computers (Haugen & Musser 2007). The technology has helped people in making it easier for the people to communicate, interact and share easily and speedily. Cell phones are one of the fastest ways of communication today. They have brought a great change in the communication means. People are now able to communicate each other from any part of the world. The benefit of the cell phones is that it is faster than other communication mediums and is available for the users all the time regardless of the place. The drawbacks, however, cannot be ignored. People often misuse cell phones. Younger generation wastes hours talking with friends mostly on useless topics. This does not only waste their time but also cost them in monetary terms. People also use it to send messages which include some disgracing jokes about religions, races and cultures. This fact is creating distances among the people and is posing a threat to the overall peace among the people belonging to different backgrounds (Castells, 2007). Video games are also another source through which it can be proved that technology is increasing our daily life problems. The popularity of video games has been increasing as shown by the investments made to meet the increasing demand. The innovations and technological advancements played a vital role in increasi ng the demand for video games. It has been observed that children of ages between 8 and 18 are found to have spent at least 40 hours per week in some form of media. This also includes the sharp rise in the exposure to video games by younger generation. The increasing popularity of video games has encouraged the exposure to video games to children aging 2 years with a minimum of 1 hour per day spent on games. Children falling in the age group of 8-13 years are observed to have played video games nearly 7.5 hours a week. Anderson’s (2001) research further illuminates the fact that children are exposed to video games which are never supervised by their parents or elders. Adams (2010) further explains the problem in terms of age-directed games that 85% of children play game which are designed and launched for adults. Adams’s argument points towards the heavy exposure of violence and negative exposure about female body, relationships and negative ideals in those games. Ande rson (2005) reveal the statistical data to explore the effects of media on individuals and the society. Anderson explains that by the age of 18, almost every American child is exposed to 40,000 killings by one or the other form of media. Violent games play a great role in altering the behaviors of the children. Early exposure to violence brings about a change in their viewpoints, habits and practices. Anderson’

Discussion week 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion week 2 - Essay Example system results to wrongful conviction because a public defendant has very many cases to handle and lacks ample time to spend on each case, and this affects the quality of representation (Collica & Furst, 2012). In the long rand, there is wrongfully conviction because the Public defender does not comprehensively analyze the case. There is also poor contact between the public defender, and there is unfair conviction. In contrasting the level of representation illustrated by Bright to the level of representation to white collar, corporate, and environmental crimes is to say that money has power and influence. A plaintiff without money to hire a competitive Public defender receives poor representation in the court of law, and the case does not favor him/her (Collica & Furst, 2012). In solving these issues, every state should adequately fund the public defender system because everyone should get fair and justified trial. It becomes difficult to receive a fair trial if the representation is poor. Adequate resourcing and funding the public defender program results to a fair trial and effective representation. The war on drugs has resulted to increased imprisonment. There has been heavy taxation in order to imprison and rehabilitate the drug victims. According to Collins (2012), since the commencement of war on Drugs, there has been a great increase of those convicted. There has been unequal percentage of the minority groups convicted and imprisoned without proper investigation. In the year 2003, there was a high rate of imprisonment of African Americans accuses of drug abuse in US (Collica, 2012). However, the use and trafficking of illegal drugs among the white and the African Americans is equal, yet the African Americans are the ones accused and imprisoned. This is unfair and against the constitutional rights on discrimination based on race and color (Collica, 2012). The increase of immigrants in US has reduced the crime rates. Indeed, immigration has a

Effect of Formic Acid Supplementation on Brioler Chickens

Effect of Formic Acid Supplementation on Brioler Chickens Effect of Formic Acid supplementation on some biochemical parameters of broiler chickens Murad K. Al-Fadhli*, Nora Q. Abbas *, Mustafa J. Jalil* * Ministry of Science and Technology, Animal and Fish Research Center Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding different concentrations of the organic furmaric acid to the drinking water on some biochemical parameters of broiler chickens aged between 21 and 42 days. Organic formic acid was added to the drinking water in the following concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) represented the treatment group (T1, T2 and T3) respectively. In the control group (T4), the drinking water was free of formic acids. Blood samples were collected at 21 and 42 days of age. At 21 days of age, data indicated that the first treatment group (T1) showed a significant increase (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in serum total protein and albumin and significant decrease (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in each of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and serum glucose. The second treatment group (T2) was also showed a significant increase (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in serum total protein and albumin, in addition to serum cholesterol but it showed significant decrease (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in both serum triglycerides and serum glucose. Whereas the third treatment group (T3) was showed a significant increase (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in each of serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol, and serum triglycerides, but it was showed non-significant differences (P†°Ã‚ ¥0.05) in serum glucose concentration. The result of the blood samples that was collected at 42 days of age indicated a presence of a significant decrease (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in serum total protein level, non-significant differences (P†°Ã‚ ¥0.05) in both of albumin and cholesterol level, but it was showed a significant increase (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in both serum triglycerides and glucose levels in the first treatment group (T1). The second treatment group (T2) was showed a significant increase (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in each of serum total protein, triglycerides and serum glucose levels, but it was showed non-significant differences (P†°Ã‚ ¥0.05) in serum albumin level and non-significant decrease (P†°Ã‚ ¥0.05) in seru m glucose levels. The result from the third treatment group (T3) indicated non-significant differences (P†°Ã‚ ¥0.05) in each of serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol levels, and non-significant decrease in serum glucose levels. Indicated results showing the importance of adding organic formic acid to the drinking water in the improvement of some physiological traits of broiler chickens. Key words: organic acids, formic acid, physiological traits, broiler chickens. Introduction: Broiler chicken meat is considered one of the most important sources of animal protein and the poultry production rate was 25% of the total global production of meat (1). Broiler chicken meat is characterized by their high nutritional value as it is rich in the essential elements in addition to its easy digestion (2). Poultry production has consistently in recent years to find the ways to improve the growth rates in order to obtain the highest conversion efficiency of food as well as reduction of the negative effects of the diseases that lead to heavy economic losses. One of the most important ways to control the negative effect of the diseases was the introduction of the antibiotics in the poultry production (3). However, use of these antibiotics on a large scale has led to the development of the bacterial resistance to antibiotics. In addition to that, use of antibiotics lead to cumulative harmful effect on poultry meat as it alters the bacterial environment and leading to weakenin g performance of poultry production (4). Therefore, the research tries to find an alternative to antibiotics to control the negative effect of the diseases and among these alternatives to antibiotics was the use of organic acids and the addition of probiotic to poultry feeds (5). Organic acids are weak acids that are commonly found in fruit juices and fermented foods and that are added to foods as preservative agents (6). Organic acids have been used for decades in feed preservation, for protecting feed from microbial and fungal destruction or to increase the preservation effect of fermented feed. Organic acids have increasingly and successfully been supplemented in feed in broiler production. The way of action of organic acids seems to be related to a reduction of pH in the upper intestinal tract, interfering with the growth of undesirable bacteria and modifying the intestinal flora (7). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of adding different concentrations of t he organic formic acid to the drinking water on some physiological traits of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the chicken field of the poultry section in the Center of Animal Resources and Fisheries Agricultural Research Directorate Ministry of Science and Technology, which included the field and laboratory study to examine the effect of adding formic acid in the drinking water on the productive performance of broiler chickens. 84 mixed sexes broiler chickens (Rose Type), one-day old, were used for the experiment. These broiler chickens were distributed randomly inside a closed room into four groups as the following: First group (Treatment 1): The Drinking water treated with 0.1 % formic acid. Second group (Treatment 2): The Drinking water treated with 0.2 % formic acid. Third group (Treatment 3): The Drinking water treated with 0.3 % formic acid. Fourth group (Control group): Free of formic acid. Each group was further sub-divided into three replicates of 7 birds per replicate. A photo period of 24 hours day was maintained since the start of the experiment and until the end of the sixth week by using electric lamps. The ingredient and the chemical composition of the diets presented in Table 1. They were analyzed using N.R.C (1994) procedure. Feed and water were provided ad libitum during the experiment. Table 1: The ingredient and the chemical composition of the diets Ingredients Percentage composition Yellow corn 43 wheat 12 Barley 9 Soybean meal 20 Animal protein concentrate 12 Oil 3 Limestone 0.7 Salt 0.3 Total 100% Calculated levels Crude protein (%) 21.14 ME (Kcal/kg) 3032 Protein-energy ratios 143 Lysine (%) 0.82 Methionine + Cystine (%) 0.73 Crude fiber (%) 2.16 Blood samples were collected at 21 and 42 days of age from the wing vein and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes by using Hettich centrifuge to separate the serum samples and the obtained sera were aspirated into sterile vials and kept in deep freezer (-20 °C) for the later analysis of the serum biochemical parameters that include the serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose and these analysis was estimated by using the Vegasys chemical analyzer device (AMS Co., Italy). Statistical analysis was performed with statistical program Statistacal Analysis System (SAS) (2001). Means were compared by the Duncans multiple range test at the level of 5% probability (1955). Results and Discussion: The results illustrated in Table (2) indicate the serum biochemical analysis of the broiler chickens at 21 days of age. These data showed a significant increase (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in the concentration of serum total protein and albumin in the treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) in compartment with the control group (T4). Serum cholesterol concentration was significantly increased (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in the treatment groups (T2 and T3) while it was significantly decreased (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in the treatment group (T1) in compartment with control group (T4). Serum triglycerides concentration showed a significant decrease (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in the treatment groups (T1 and T2), while it was significantly increased (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in the treatment group (T3) in compartment with control group (T4). Serum glucose concentration was also significantly decreased (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in the treatment groups (T1 and T2), but it was non- significantly increased (P†°Ã‚ ¥0.05) in the treatment gr oup (T3) in compartment with control group (T4). Table (2): Serum biochemical analysis of the broiler chickens at 21 days of age. Treatments Total Protein g/dl Albumin Cholesterol triglycerides Glucose T1 (0.1%) 3.84 + 0.31 a 1.566 + 0.98 b 134 + c 2.34 111.66 + c 2.73 235.33 + b 3.52 T2 (0.2%) 3.86 + 0.31 a 1.813 + 0.01 a 154.33 + 6.64 b 114.66 + 9.20 c 293.33 + 7.05 b T3 (0.3%) 3.64 + 0.12 b 1.7933 + 0.06 a 169.33 + 7.68 a 140.33 + a 8.55 370.0 + 10.26 a T4 control 2.97 + 0.24 c 1.506 + 0.17 c 150 + 10.11 b 120 + b 5.53 361.66 + a 3.69 The data in Table (3) showed the serum biochemical analysis of the broiler chickens at 42 days of age. These results showed a significant decrease (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in serum total protein concentration of the treatment group (T1) and significant increase (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in the treatment group (T2) but there were non-significant differences (P†°Ã‚ ¥0.05) in the treatment group (T3) in compartment with the treatment group (T4). Serum albumin concentration showed non-significant differences (P†°Ã‚ ¥0.05) between the treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3) and control group (T4). There were also non-significant differences (P†°Ã‚ ¥0.05) in serum cholesterol concentration between the treatment group (T1 and T3) while it was significantly increased (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in the treatment group (T2) in compartment with the control group (T4). Serum triglycerides concentration was significantly decreased (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in the treatment group (T3), while it was significantly incr eased (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in the treatment groups (T1 and T2) in compartment with the control group (T4). Serum glucose concentration showed a significant increase (P†°Ã‚ ¤0.05) in the treatment group (T1) and non-significant decrease (P†°Ã‚ ¥0.05) in the treatment groups (T2 and T3) in compartment with the control group (T4). Table (2): Serum biochemical analysis of the broiler chickens at 42 days of age. Treatments Total Protein g/dl Albumin Cholesterol triglycerides Glucose T1 (0.1%) 3.686 + 0.19 c 1.803 + 0.12 157.66 + 5.17 b 129.33 + 7.83 a 356.33 + a 4.35 T2 (0.2%) 3.883 + 0.13 a 1.793 + 0.72 170.66 + a 8.78 123.33 + 9.24 a 289.33 + c 4.17 T3 (0.3%) 3.840 + 0.10 b 1.836 + 0.04 157.66 + b 4.97 114.33 + 4.80 c 259.33 + 5.81 c T4 control 3.846 + 0.15 b 1.77 + 0.14 149.33 + 8.74 b 121.33 + b 7.03 3055.33 + 2.60 b In this experiment, the addition of formic acid to the diet resulted in reducing the mortality rate and this result was agreeing with previous results indicated a decrease in the proportion of the mortality rate when using a probiotics containing organic acids in the diets of broiler chickens (8). In this study, the addition of formic acid to the diet resulted in significant decrease in the total cholesterol. The results obtained from the present study are in agreement with the results obtained by (El-Kerawy 1996) (9). The significant reduction in serum cholesterol could be attributed to the probiotic secretion of organic acid that stimulate the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus to reduces the cholesterol in the blood by deconjugating bile salts in the intestine, thereby preventing them from acting as precursors in cholesterol synthesis (Abdulrahim et al., 1996) (10). In the present study, the addition of formic acid to diets was significantly decreased the serum triglycer ides concentration and this decline may be due to secretion of the inuline and the inulin in turn has an inhibitor effect on the triglycerides synthesis processes (11). This experiment was showed a significant age-related difference either in the levels of the serum total protein, albumin and serum glucose. These age-related changes have also been observed in broilers chickens reported by (Sribhen C. et al, 2003) (12). The effect of organic acid supplementation on protein metabolism may be related to improvement of intestinal amino-acids absorption in acidic conditions that consequently enhances protein synthesis (13). This study concluded that the use of organic formic acid had a role in the improvement of some physiological traits in broiler chickens. References:   Ã‚   F.O.A, Statistics and meat. 2000 Rafh M.T. Khuleel. Economical Evaluation of Broiler Ration Used in Ninawa Province. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture. 2005: 33 (1): 30-34. Mathivanan R. Andrographispaniculata as alternatives to Antibiotic Growth promoter on Broiler production and carcass characteristics. Intern J Poul Sci. 2006: 5 (12): 1144-1150. Paryod A, and Mahmoudi M. Effect of different levels of supplemental yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance blood constituents and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. African J Agricul I Res. 2008: 3(12): 835-842. Deng R. Food and Food supplements with hypocholestrolmic effects. Recent patent on food nutrition and Agriculture. 2009: 1 :15-24. Là ¼ck, E. and M. Jager,. Antimicrobial food Omogbenigun, F.O., C.M. Nyachti and B.A. Solminski, additives: characteristics, uses, effects. Springer-Veriag, Berlin, Germany. 1997: 137: 144-239. Kirchgessner, M. and F.X. Roth. Formic acid as a feed additive in pig nutrition. Pig News Inf. 1982: 3: 259-264. N. R. Sallh and N. A. J. Al Hussary. Effect of probiotics supplementation on some biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Iraqi journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2009: 23 (1): 239-249. EI-Kerawy DMA. Acidified feed for growing rabbits. Egypt J Rabbit Sci. 1996: 6: 143-156. Abdulrahim, S.M., Haddadin, M.S.Y., Hashlamoun, E.A.R., Robinson, R.K. The influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus and bacitracin on layer performance of chickens and cholesterol content of plasma and egg yolk. British Poultry Science. 1996: 37 (2): 341, 346. Trautwein EA, Rieckhoff D, And Erbersdobler HF. Dietary Inulin Lowers Plasma Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol and Alters Biliary Bile Acid Profile in Hamsters. J Nutr. 1998: 128: 1937-1943. Sribhen C, Choothesa A, Songserm T, and Sribhen K. Age-related differences in levels of blood chemistry parameters and cardiacmarker proteins in commercial broilers. Kasetsart J Nat Sci. 2003: 37: 321-326. SKINNER J.J., IZAT A.L., WALDROUP P.W.( 1991) : Research note :Formic acids enhance performance of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 1991: 70, 1444-1447.

Key Objectives of an Organization Essay

Task 1A. Identify the mission, values and key objectives of an organization of your choice and assess the influence of stakeholders The Body Shop is a public limited company they mainly specialize in beauty products, however they are very much different compared to regular make up brands such as DIOR, SHU UMERA and so on, they are different in a way that they use natural products and they are against animal cruelty. They use plants resources wisely. The body shop is different because of their values. Ms Dame Anita roddick, was a human rights activist and the founder of the body shop. AGAINST ANIMAL TESTING Every one of the body shops products is animal cruelty free and vegetarian. they were the first international cosmetics brand to be recognized under the Humane Cosmetics Standard for our Against Animal Testing policy. FOR TRADING FAIRLY They believe in fair trade to such an extent, that over 20 years ago we set up our own fair trade programme, called Community Trade. Body Shop believe this level of commitment to trading fairly is unique in the cosmetics industry. Community Trade now works with over 30 suppliers in more than 20 countries, providing over 25,000 people across the globe with essential income to build their futures. Most of our products contain Community Trade ingredients. OUR FIVE CORE VALUES The Body Shop is a leader in promoting greater corporate transparency, and we have been a force for positive social and environmental change through our campaigns around our five core Values: Support Community Trade, Defend Human Rights, Against Animal Testing, Activate Self-Esteem, Protect Our Planet. OUR CHARITABLE FOUNDATION We also have our own charity, The Body Shop Foundation. Launched in 1990 (registered charity no. 802757) we give financial support to pioneering, frontline organisations that otherwise have little hope of conventional funding. The Foundation’s focus is to assist those working to achieve progress in the areas of human and civil rights, environmental and animal protection. Let us move on to the various stakeholders in the organization. Primary Stakeholders Usually internal stakeholders like stockholders, customers, suppliers, creditors, and employees. Secondary Stakeholders Usually external stakeholders like general public, communities, activist groups, business support groups, and the media. The influence of various stakeholders on the organization establishes a balance of priorities on the organization. Some examples of balances that various stakeholders bring to the organization are: Stockholders: The stockholders of the organization ensure that the organization is constantly looking for new means to improve operating net profits. The stockholders of the companies keep a keen eye on the performance of the organization through the quarterly reports of the organizations submitted to respective regulatory bodies in the world. This ensures that the organization keeps a fine balance between working for short-term profits while keeping a firm eye on the long-term business possibilities that may emerge. Positive performance by a company over a long  period of time is rewarded through improved prices. Customers: The most important to any business, customers of an organization keep the organization on their toes to offer best of services in comparison with the market. The organizations strive hard to meet the ever-growing customer expectations in terms of improved products and services and reduced cost for these improved services year on year. Improved performance of the organization to meet customer demands is rewarded through more business orders. Employees: The employees of the organization are the assets of the organization that keeps the organization nimble and agile to meet the customer expectations resulting in profits that meet the stockholders expectations. The employees are rewarded through promotions and merit increments based on their contributions to meet the organizations goals, vision and objectives. Task 2 Evaluate the extent to which the organization achieves the objectives of three stakeholders. As mentioned above there are two different types of stakeholders, there is primary and there is secondary. Primary stakeholders include Internal stakeholders like stockholders, customers, suppliers, creditors, and employees. Secondary includes External stakeholders like general public, communities, activist groups, business support groups, and the media. Beginning with the internal stakeholders also known as primary stakeholders, the employees obviously work towards the goals and objectives that are set,  however in the body shop they are in for it in a different way as the people are passionate. They’re a customer-focused business that strives to create a fantastic experience for everyone who shops and works at The Body Shop. Aside from employees and customers they are also dedicated to their suppliers and creditors as well as stockholders. The body shop is dedicated to the planet and the people in simple words. The body shop is financial stable meeting their financial objectives as well as meeting the stock holders objectives which is keeping on-going improvements and new objectives which is what the body shop is already doing. Achievement of Customer Objectives: The organization is always talking about the natural way of beauty. In addition, the company also shares very positive information of the number of accounts where they have grown the relationships to multimillion dollar revenue generating business accounts through good performance in existing contracts and offering greater value to the customer though their foresight and operations management. This has resulted in good customer retention and repeats businesses for the company across various lines of businesses. Achievement of Employees objectives: Body shop has a large workforce employs over 100,000 employees across the globe and has become an employer of choice. This has provided many opportunities to the employees to grow professionally and vertically as well. Additionally, the body shop provides merit increments every year based on the performance of the employees, which keeps them engaged in their roles and glued on to the target objectives. Task 3. Explain the responsibilities of the organization and strategies employed to meet them. The body shop not only has responsibilities that they must keep to the company and their customers but also the environment, which is why they do the natural way. Nature is the key objective and responsibility to the Body Shop. Their responsibilities towards the environment can be seen on their website, the body shop focuses on cruelty free make up. More  responsibilities and strategies are shown below AGAINST ANIMAL TESTING Every one of the body shops products is animal cruelty free and vegetarian. they were the first international cosmetics brand to be recognized under the Humane Cosmetics Standard for our Against Animal Testing policy. FOR TRADING FAIRLY They believe in fair trade to such an extent, that over 20 years ago we set up our own fair trade programme, called Community Trade. Body Shop believe this level of commitment to trading fairly is unique in the cosmetics industry. Community Trade now works with over 30 suppliers in more than 20 countries, providing over 25,000 people across the globe with essential income to build their futures. Most of our products contain Community Trade ingredients. OUR FIVE CORE VALUES The Body Shop is a leader in promoting greater corporate transparency, and we have been a force for positive social and environmental change through our campaigns around our five core Values: Support Community Trade, Defend Human Rights, Against Animal Testing, Activate Self-Esteem, Protect Our Planet. OUR CHARITABLE FOUNDATION We also have our own charity, The Body Shop Foundation. Launched in 1990 (registered charity no. 802757) we give financial support to pioneering, frontline organisations that otherwise have little hope of conventional funding. The Foundation’s focus is to assist those working to achieve  progress in the areas of human and civil rights, environmental and animal protection. These are their values as well as responsibilities. The employees of Body shop and the suppliers all use environmental friendly products and packaging to support the living earth. Task 4. Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate and make effective use of resources Resource allocation is used to assign the available resources in an economic way across the economy. This may be done at a regional level, Social strata based or on priority basis. Resource allocation can be studies under two broad heads This includes majority of resources that is used in today’s economy except some specific natural resources that are allocated to ensure an Oligopolistic or Monopolistic market. The economic systems attempt to distribute the available resources in an even manner through the price elasticity model. The price elasticity model proposes that demand and supply in the market will drive the cost of the resource. This is typically seen as below |High Demand – low Supply |High Prices | |Low Demand – High Supply |Low Prices | In the above cases, both demand and supply are relative to each others volumes. In a competitive market scenario, the requirement of products and services and its availability guides the prices of these resources. Given that Money by itself is a limited resource available to market forces, high prices of resources ensure optimized consumption of high priced resources. Once the resource prices are above the price of an alternative resource, market forces will start using the alternate resource as a main resource until such time that the prices of the original resource is again affordable  due to slowdown of demand. This is typically seen in the oil and gas business wherein some manufacturing organizations shift to alternative fuels like BP oil and residue oil in lieu of diesel fuel price rise. This model ensures that resources are optimally used by the economy and any steep increase in consumption is controlled through increased prices resulting in optimized allocation and effective use. allocation of some natural resources may not always take the same route as marketed resources. This is typically done by the government’s authorities to ensure lower prices of producers that reaches the consumers at large and to ensure availability of certain products to all and sundry of the population. Some very good examples of such resources are Irrigation Water supplied at subsidy to farmers, Coal allocation to Thermal power stations to ensure low electricity prices for consumers etc An economic system is consist of the several processes of organizing and motivating labour, manufacturing, allocating, and circulating of the results of human labour, including goods and services, consumer products, machineries, equipment’s, and other technology used as inputs to future manufacturing and the infrastructure within and through which manufacturing, circulation, and distribution occurs. There are three types of economic system which are generally accepted by the different nations. They are: Free market, centrally planned, mixed market. 1. Free market economic system: The interference of government is reserved at a lowest point or mistreated in open market system and all the finances assets comes under the private sectors as well market. Price mechanism will decide the amount of goods or services to be provided with respect to the market demands. The majority judgments are on the basis of market mechanism. The supply, demand and capability play the very important function in market  judgment making. According to observing at the open market operations it lifts a variety of unexplained questions like who will generate the goods and services and infrastructures for the country to congregate the requirements of the public. 2. Centrally planned economy system: Centrally planned economic system explains that government assigns the financial possessions; government initiates all the arrangement concerning the financial actions. Private sectors are held in reserve in distant in participation of any monetary gathering. These types of finances were establish in the Asian, central Europe, Eastern Europe and Latin American nations but now a days these are set up in Cuba, Iraq, Iran, North Korea etc. In this structure fundamentally joblessness troubles will not be tackled because government organize all the monetary performances and possessions will be owed on the basis of requirements of its persons and dissimilar industries contribution. 3. Mixed economy system: This structure is a combination of all other structures. The organism where together capitalism and socialism monetary schemes are involved it is called as the mixed financial system. In this globalizing world largely the countries are acquiring this financial system. Mixed financial system divides the obtainable financial possessions accessible in the country to mutually private sectors and government. Task 5. Discuss the impact of social welfare and industrial policy initiatives on organizations and the wider community. The social welfare and industrial policy of a nation impacts not only the economy but also the larger community. |Social Welfare Policy |Health Policy | | |Housing Policy | | |Income maintenance Policy | | |Education Policy | | |Social Security | |Industrial Policy |Inflation control | | |Financial Market stability | | |Manufacturing boost for increase in employment rate | Health policy can be described as the â€Å"judgment, plans, and measures that are commenced to attain specific health care goals within a society.† There are many groupings of health guidelines, involving personal health care policy, pharmaceutical policy, and policies regarding health of public such as vaccination policy, tobacco control policy or breastfeeding promotion policy. They may envelop monetary subjects and liberation of health care, access to care, quality of care, and health equity. The contemporary theory of health care includes right of entry to medical professionals from different sections as well as medical technology, such as medications and surgical tools. It also includes easy access to the newest data and confirmation from research, comprising medical research and health services research. Public housing is a type of housing tenure in which the possession is hold by a government authority, which may be central or local. Social housing refers to leasing housing which may be possessed and controlled by the state, by non-profit firms, or by a mixture of the two, generally with the aspire of offering housing which could affordable. Education policy can be defined as the compilation of laws and regulations which manages and directs the functions of education systems. Education takes place in a lot of type for countless functions through several organizations. An example involves early childhood education, kindergarten from side to side to 12th grade, two and four year colleges or universities, graduate and professional education, adult education and job training. Consequently, education policy can straightly influence the educated persons involved of all ages. Income maintenance Policy is habitually functional due to several curriculums formulated to offer a residential with income at times when they are not able to take care of themselves. Income preservation is on the basis of a mixture of five major kinds of program: 1. Social insurance: 2. Means-tested benefits: 3. Non-contributory benefits:. 4. Discretionary benefits. 5. Universal or categorical benefits Social security a social insurance program given that social security or protection against socially renowned circumstances, involving scarcity, old age, disability, joblessness and others. Social security relates to a bunch of advantages obtainable (or not available) from the state, market, civil society and households, or through a grouping of these organizations, to the person/family to trim down multi-dimensional deprivation. The Industrial Policy plan of a country, from time to time condensed IP, is its official planned attempt to support the expansion and progress of the producing sector of the economy. A country’s infrastructure (transportation,  telecommunications and energy industry) is a main element of the industrialized sector that frequently has a main role in the Industrial Policy. Industrial strategies are division definite, unlike broader macroeconomic strategy. They are occasionally label as interventionist as conflicting to laissez-faire finances. Several kinds of industrial strategies comprise ordinary fundamentals with other kinds of interventionist exercises such as trade policy and fiscal policy. An example of a distinctive industrial policy is import-substitution-industrialization (ISI), where trade barriers are provisionally obligatory on a number of key sectors, such as manufacturing. By selectively securing some business, these business are provided moment in time to study (learning by doing) and improve. Task 6. Evaluate the impact of macro economic policy measures and the influence of the global economy on UK-based organizations and stakeholders. Macroeconomic policy instruments define the macroeconomic measures that can be straight away managed by an economic policy former. Instruments can be divided into two subsets: a) Monetary policy instruments and b) Fiscal policy instruments. Monetary policy is carried out by the Federal Reserve or the central bank of a country or supranational region. Fiscal policy is formulated by the Executive and Legislative Branches of the Government and contracts with supervising a nation’s Budget. 1) Monetary policy Monetary policy instruments comprise of directing short-term rates (Fed Funds and Discount rates in the U.S.), and altering reserve necessities for commercial banks. Monetary policy can be moreover extensive for the market (short-term rates low relative to inflation rate) or restraining for the  market (short-term rates high relative to inflation rate). Traditionally, the main purpose of monetary policy had been to direct or restrain domestic inflation. In recent times, central bankers have frequently paying attention on a second objective: running economic growth as both inflation and economic growth are highly interconnected. 2) Fiscal policy Fiscal policy comprises in supervision the national Budget and its investment so as to manipulate economic activity. This necessitates the growth or development of government expenses regarding particular government curriculum such as building roads or infrastructure, military expenditures and social welfare programs. It also involves the elevating of taxes to finance government expenses and the increase of debt (Treasuries in the U.S.) to meet both the ends (Budget deficit) between receipts (tax receipts) and expenses regarding the execution of government curriculum. Increasing taxes and lowering the Budget Deficit is considered to be a preventive fiscal policy, as it would decrease cumulative demand and slow down GDP growth. Reducing taxes and raising the Budget Deficit is measured as an outgoing fiscal policy that would enlarge collective demand and encourage the economy. The impact of macroeconomic policy measures On enlargement, there likely to be periods of strength follow by phase of weak or even negative growth (recessions), particularly known as the economic cycle. All governments have an objective of eradicating this cycle. They desire repeated, sensible expansion that never ignites price increments. Fresh governments have stimulated closer to this ‘Goldilocks’ scenario. Become aware of that the growth rate has been over 2% without receiving out of hand for six years. Subsequent the bust/boom/bust of the early 80s/late 80s/early 90s, this is quite an accomplishment. Inflation has also been extraordinarily submissive by historical standards.  Subsequent the horribly inflationary 70s (peaked at 25%) and the near 10% figure ten years ago, RPIX has been growing at 3% pa or less for six years. The objective of full employment has efficiently been relegated to the history books. Unemployment reached one million in the 80s for the first time since the 30s, and then continued to reach 3 million (or 4 million, depending on the definition) within three years. Having said that, ‘full employment’ does not mean that everyone has a job. It is a depressing reality of economic life that UK customers favor imported goods to those made in Britain. The degree of the current account deficit mainly depends, consequently, on how well we export our services. Unfortunately, services are not quite as exportable as goods, so the UK is constantly fighting a losing battle. Optimistically the modifications in technology, and our capability to utilize them, will permit us to enlarge our exports of services by sufficient in the future to permit for the deficit in goods. Some economists consider that there is no problem, since in a world of completely mobile capital; the UK no longer depends completely on their own pool of foreign reserves to compensate for its importation. These days, if you want something from overseas but you do not have the foreign currency, then immediately purchase it on the Foreign Exchange Markets. Due to the global characteristics of financial markets, the financial services industry is deeply prejudiced by worldwide monetary improvement. These financial connections to international markets are just one of the numerous conducts in which wider worldwide expansion influence the UK economy. Global economic developments For instance the current commotion in financial markets – also have a significant manner on the resolution of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC). Similar to the UK, in an open economy worldwide forces can affect the prices to rise and vary about its aim or goal temporarily, and also insert  instability into the real economy. We have observed growing oil and product costs determined by tough universal demand push up price rises in the UK and further main economies over the earlier period and couple of years. By distinction the fresh modifications and alterations in international financial market circumstances could decline demand situations in the UK and globally put forth descending pressure on price rises. These are all aspects we require to take into consideration in our attention rate judgment. Ultimately it is domestic monetary policy Not the state of the international economy, which will conclude the UK inflation rate. The challenge for the MPC consequently is to regulate interest rates to make sure that worldwide pressure does not generate lengthened and important divergence in price rises from its aim. Global economy affects UK inflation There are a broad diversity of conducts in which international economic expansion influence the UK economy and therefore manipulate our rate of price rises. The entire procedure of globalization has structural influence on the UK economy, comprising the influence on labor relocation. The prices of trade in goods and services are the first one has an impact. Imports account for approximately 30% of the value of goods and services directly and indirectly sold by UK business at residence and overseas. On the other hand, the prices of trade in manufactured merchandise will also reproduce the resources and power utilized in their produce, forming a supplementary indirect influence from product markets. The second channel of impact from the international economy is through demand. Tough expansion of demand, whether it derives at residence or overseas, permits the profit margins to develop and is pushed at an upward pressure on expenses, mainly when the economy is operating close to its capacity limits. By the similar token, weak demand exercises a dampening  impact on cost and price augmentation. Manipulating demand situations with the help of interest rates is one of the major means due to which the Monetary Policy Committee controls UK price rises. International economic expansion influence demand circumstances in the UK both directly and indirectly. The direct influence comes in the course of alteration in the demand for UK exports of goods and services, which make up approximately a quarter of the production of UK businesses on average. The significance of abroad demand diverges significantly among diverse sectors of the UK economy. Some manufacturing sectors sell a huge percentage of their production abroad, and for manufacturing industry as a total exports are approximately half the worth of production. In calculation to this export channel, there are also indirect financial connections in the course of which international economic circumstances can affect UK demand. The UK business society is extremely intercontinental, depicting our custom as a trading nation and the honesty and friendliness of our financial markets to abroad investment. A lot of UK businesses are branch of bigger worldwide groupings, which is probable to strengthen the compassion of their investment and other trade judgments to worldwide demand and profitability. In accumulation to these price and demand factors, there is a third method in which worldwide economic situations might also influence UK price rises, which is in the course of their influence on the pricing conditions. As businesses turn out to be further skilled and global in edge, some economists have disagreed that international circumstances have turn out to be more and more significant in influencing pricing actions, relation to domestic issues. As per this vision, the worldwide equilibrium of demand and supply and spirited forces on international markets may appear to have an important influence on cost in economies which are release to global business, such as the UK. The role of monetary policy In a world in which worldwide progress has a significant manner on UK price rises, monetary course of action should react in subsequent way. One ending you might illustrate from my conversation so far is that UK price rises will be deeply subjective by international upgrading. And however, in spite of the modifications we have observed in the worldwide market more than the decade, UK price rises has been low down and extraordinarily steady. Three major traditions in which financial guidelines can act as a factor to manipulate the price rises when the UK economy is batter by worldwide shocks. The first of these is the affect the interest rates on the exchange rate. The exchange rate is not straightly managed by financial policy. But financial policy has a significant impact. The interest rate discrepancy among diverse currency and the aspects, which are anticipated to manipulate its influence in currency markets due to their influence on the possible income to investors. If financial policy is constrict comparative to other countries, or is estimated to be constrict, this will be likely to push up the exchange rate in the next to time. Such an increase in the exchange rate should have a dampening influence on import cost augmentations, and can consequently answer an increase in worldwide price rises pressures. It also affects how eye-catching abroad markets are to exporters and consequently has a supplementary influence through the state of demand. The second way in which financial policy can contradict worldwide monetary forces is due to its influence on domestic demand expenditure by customers and investment by the private sector, both of which are exaggerated by interest rate alteration. Customer expenditure is the biggest single constituent of demand in the UK, and accounts for concerning 60% of domestic expenditure. A contraction in policy such as we have observed over the past year should have an important influence on the expansion of utilization, and therefore domestic demand. A third steady aspect is the reliability of financial policy and its  influence on cost prospect. If price raises prospect stay fast at or shut to the price rises goal, turbulence to the price rises pathway should demonstrate momentary, and it will be simpler for financial policy to be carried out a provisional shift in price rises. The duty of the MPC is now made simple by the practice of a decade and a half of low and steady price rises, which has assisted to fasten UK, price rises prospects. The impact and pass-through of the identified unconventional policy shocks should help to learn more about the extraordinary policy measures taken by central banks as a response to the financial turmoil. Some caution is, however, required. A caveat of the analysis is that the estimations are based on a sample period that covers the turbulent period on financial markets, as well as normal times. An implicit assumption is hence that the parameters did not change dramatically as a consequence of the crisis. In addition, the analysis only captures unconventional monetary policy to the extent that the measures influence the banking sector. Hence, a useful extension would be to also include direct lending of central banks in private markets in the analysis.