Genetically Modified Chicken Essay - 1666 Words

Genetically modified food is a vital issue that affects all of us. While most of us only care about what we eat and the taste of our food, there is very little attention devoted to how our food are produced. In this essay, I would like to discuss how genetically modified chicken is produced, its dangers and benefits, and highlight some social concerns regarding this issue. To know genetically modified food ,we need to understand genetic engineering, which is an artificially way to modify an organisms genes, that does not occur under natural conditions. Genetically engineering involves the use of recombinant DNA techniques, but does not include traditional animal and plant breeding or mutagenesis. Any organism’s genes are modified by†¦show more content†¦However, genetic modification involves the insertion or deletion of genes, this could be an insertion of genes from a same or a different species. In fact, this can naturally occur when the DNA that is came from other organisms penetrates the cell membrane. To do this in artificial, it may require attaching virus to a nucleus of the cells, which let the virus enter the genes by itself. And there are other ways which just insert the extra DNA into the nucleus of the intended host with a very small syringe, or with very small particles fired from a gene gun which will recombinant the DNA, these two ways can not succeed without using microscope. Another way is genetically modify is totally different which is by using the sperm cell as the medium. In detailed, people make some change to make the sperm have the ability to carry the exogenous genes then use these sperm cells to insemination the hen. And the cost of this way to do genetically modify is only one tenth of the former one. For example, to insert the antiviral protein Mx gene into normal chicken’s cells, which enhance their ability to counteract the H5N1 flu virus and some of other types of contagion virus. Actually many people do not realize that they are eating GM chicken almost everyday! They might say, â€Å"Oh, I’ve never bought a chicken that looks abnormal!† However, almost all restaurants, which sell only some parts of chickens instead of whole ones, have been using GM chickens as their raw materialsShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Food For Food1071 Words   |  5 Pagessolution: genetically modified organisms, commonly known as GMO’s. Genetically modified food has been able to offset the worlds growing demand for food, and all our food problems seem to be solved. Or have they? I will use information from: Wendell Berry’s, The Pleasures of Eating, Jon Entine and JoAnna Wendel’s, 2000+ reasons Why GMO’s Are Safe to Eat, Robin Mather’s, The Threats from Genetically Modified Foods, along with references from Food Inc., to explain how genetically modified food is beingRead MoreBiotechnology and Genetically Modified Foods Essay10 30 Words   |  5 PagesBiotechnology and Genetically Modified Foods Are genetically modified foods safe? Genetically modified foods are crop plants created for human or animal consumption using molecular biological techniques. These plants have been modified to enhance certain traits like increased resistance to herbicides or improve nutritional content. This process traditionally has been done through breeding, but is not very accurate. Scientists have beenRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And The World We Are Living Right Now945 Words   |  4 PagesDo you ever just enter a grocery store to buy some fruits or vegetables? Of course you do! But have you noticed the word â€Å"GMO† flying around? Oh you don’t? It’s okay, that’s is why I’m here to help! Gmo stands for Genetically Modified Organisms. They are food but they are foods that have been processed by chemicals and all the technology items. â€Å"are living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering, or GE. This relatively new scienceRead MoreThe Genetic Engineering Of Food2047 Words   |  9 PagesGenetically modified material are plants or animals that have been modified in order to achieve some goal, such as maintain a longer shelf life or provide nutrients to humans and animals. According to Doctor Kirpichnikov et al., there are several different ways that scientists modify genes of fruit, vegetables, and animals, such as utilizing the methods of â€Å"synthesis of genes, isolation of individual genes or hereditary structures from the cells†¦, and integration of various genomes within a cell†Read MoreThe Issue Of The Ukraine Crisis1127 Words   |  5 Pagesphenomenon that isn’t limited to U.S foreign policy. We’ve seen the same narrative play out in the ongoing debate regarding the use of genetically modified crops in the U.S food supplies. The number of voices on the subject is growing while the amount of knowledge stagnates. To address the issue, we must first locate the origin of myths surrounding genetically modified crops. Then, establish some borders on the debate to ensure it remains educated and accurate. And finally, come to a decision regardingRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms Into The Environment2305 Words   |  10 PagesThe first genetically modified organism, in 1973, consisted of bacterial cells that were injected with ribosomial RNA genes from an African clawed toad (Xenopus). An experiment which was conducted by Stanley Cohen, Herbert Boyer, and Paul Berg (Wells). However, the first organism genetically modified and sold to the general public in 1994 was the, albeit unsuccessful, Flavr Savr delayed-ripening tomato, according to the GMO timeline. While the tomato was able to resist rotting it failed to resistRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods938 Words   |  4 Pages Have you ever thought of what would happen to everyone on Earth if Genetically Modified Foods were allowed? According to the World Health Organization, Genetically Modified Foods or Genetically modified Organisms are organisms where the genetic material has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination(World Health Organization). Genetically Modified Foods are foods that are altered to give more portions and cause people to earn more money. They alsoRead MoreThe Science Of The Food1290 Words   |  6 Pagesthere have been food genetically altered. We know vegetables and other food we buy are bigger in size than usual.We see the shape also looking different. We know people inject chemicals into them but we never go into further details understanding why the food we eat is like that. The food we eat are mostly all genetically modified. Genetically Modified foods are used widespread throughout the world. With the uses of technology genetica lly modified foods are genetically being modified using technologyRead MoreThe Dangers of Genetic Engineering in Food Products Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dangers of Genetic Engineering in Food Products A whooping 60% of whats on our supermarket shelves may contain genetically engineered soya. Some 3000 genetically engineered foods are lined up for approval. How should genetically engineered (GE) foods be regulated? Foremost, we must clarify what genetic engineering is-- laboratory technique used by scientists to change the DNA of living organisms. DNA is the blueprint for the individuality of an organism. The organism relies upon the informationRead MoreEssay Genetically Modified Foods1890 Words   |  8 Pages What is genetically modified food, and is it dangerous? According to Mather’s article, she explains, â€Å"Genetic modification refers to the manipulation of DNA by humans to change the essential makeup of plants and animals. The technology inserts genetic material from one species into another to give it a new-quality, such as the ability to produce a pesticide.† Mather also states, â€Å"These toxins can produce a serious impact on the health of animals an d humans.† Yes, the United States food industry

The Diversity Of The Australian Media - 1225 Words

The media has always played a pivotal role in providing information regarding anything that’s happening around in the world. However, the Australian media seems to have lacked at various aspects when it comes to matters regarding the representation of the Indigenous Australia. The Australian media has always managed to focus on the amazing wilderness that surrounds Indigenous Australia but rarely has there been any detailed curiosity relating to their culture and history. Aboriginal History is being completely overshadowed by ‘the mainstream Australia’ and its landscape. Not only their history but their voices are not heard through media very often as well. Along with that, racial stereotype is another big problem resulting in poor media representation of Aborigines. With the population as low as 1%, many Australians may go through their entire life without knowing anything about Aboriginal Australians, let alone meeting one. So, their knowledge about Aboriginals completely depends upon the media representation. They still only get their information about the Indigenous Australia through the media. Therefore, it would be seemed best that the media show an honest picture of what is life for an Aboriginal Australian. The media has always focused on the natural landscape, the beauty of aboriginal land that the people are almost seen as just an object. Aboriginals, being the real owner of the land are not seen as what they are, but considered as non-national or as they call,Show MoreRelatedCultural Differences And Diversity Of The Australian Media1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Australian media plays a prominent role in influencing the way society makes sense of the world and its relations with others through portraying certain dominant discourses of politics, cultures and current affairs. Through this it can have positive and negative effects on cultural differences experienced within multicultural Australia. This essay will discuss the discourses that are prevalent in commercial and non-commercial television about cultural differences and diversity, and how this canRead MoreRegulating The Digital Communication Nationally1218 Words   |  5 Pagescultural diversity. This forms under the basis of w hich the media should not promote prejudice and intolerance of these issues. Ultimately, the regulation aims to terminate potentially harmful images from the media, protect adults from spontaneous material that is likely offensive against social values. Minimal requirements are necessary for Australian content on digital media outlets such as television or radio, so as to prohibit overseas content bypassing national identity. The Australian ContentRead MoreGina Rinehart s Accumulation Of Fairfax Shares Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagespower structures in society. The traditional justification for journalism has been that it can act as a watchdog on powerful government and corporations. The issue with Gina Rinehart’s share in Fairfax, is that one of the most powerful sectors in Australian society, the mining industry, were seeking to dominate one of the important accountability mechanisms in a democracy though economic means. Gina Rinehart, who is Australia s richest person, began accumulating shares in Fairfax in late 2010. InRead MoreIs Australia a Racist Country?1091 Words   |  5 Pagesthat Australia is racist, and in contrast there are many examples that support this questions that we humans beings can live in peace and harmony with all Australians. According to the ABCDiamond The proportion of the population of Australians born overseas is quoted â€Å"over one quarter of Australians were born overseas†. This means 25% of Australians are born overseas. Some possible causes of racism can be of an institutional racism, which means that a group of people have the same faith about aRead MoreEssay on Diversity ANZ Bank1307 Words   |  6 PagesANZ Bank After analysing the ANZ diversity policy, I have identified two key business objectives they are trying to pursue. The first being the ageing population within Australia and the second being an international expansion into Asian economies. Ageing Population: Statistics show that Australia has an increasing population of seniors from the age of 50 and over. It is estimated to increase to 57% of the customer population by 2021, making it a large and therefore important market segmentRead MoreGlobal Education - Senior Study of Society Rationale1225 Words   |  5 PagesDeclaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians (Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs [MCEETYA], 2008). Global education is an initiative that encourages the development and promotion of attitudes and skills required to value and protect the people of this world and the environment. This involves examining and understanding global problems (such as climate change, genocide, conflict and famine), history, and cultural diversity. The world in which we live is everRead MoreAustralias System of Democracy857 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Australia’s system of democracy, the pluralist theory of the state portrays the distribution of political power accurately in comparison to its rival theories, being Marxism and elitism. However, the theory faces certain limitations within the Australian political system. In order to thoroughly answer the question I will firstly start off by stating what the theory of pluralism entails by discussing the pluralist views of power. Secondly, I will highlight the characteristics of pluralism withinRead MoreGood Corporate Governance Is Good For Banks Bottom Line1457 Words   |  6 Pagesof the articles. Good Corporate Governance is Good for Bank’s Bottom Line: The authors state that Australian banks improved efficiency after the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) Principles of Good Governance was introduced in 2003 as shown by a study which was published in the Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money. The study examines the performance of 11 Australian banks from 1999 to 2013 as regards to the effectiveness of certain corporate governance measures. AdverseRead MoreAustralia s Current Broadcasting Services1501 Words   |  7 Pagesforms of media communication, even more so today. As will be observed in this review, the question of whether Australia needs greater media diversity, by exploring and discussing the existing media landscape within Australia’s current Broadcasting Services Act 1993 (BSA) referred to by critics as protecting Australia’s media moguls, such as Rupert Murdoch. As well as investigating the governments proposed media ownership laws, analysing the consequences and effects on Au stralia’s media landscapeRead MoreThe Effectiveness Of Australia s Multicultural Policy1498 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican demographics are facing countless trials in successfully integrating into Australian society and this has an impact on the country’s social cohesion. This essay will be supported by an interview with Cooper from Australia, Fang from China, Vo from Vietnam and Ngeno from Kenya. Introduction The 1978 implementation of Australia s multiculturalism policy was founded on the principles of social cohesion. The Australian government (2013) has been critical in supporting the assimilation of migrants

How to Inspire Students to Become Entrepreneurs free essay sample

How to Inspire Students to become Entrepreneurial Im fortunate enough to head up an organization that exists to encourage students to become more entrepreneurial, and to consider starting their own businesses. I have a great team, and we see some really amazing young people with great ideas. I am often asked if we can really teach people to become entrepreneurs. Many people believe that the entrepreneurial attitude is innate; you either have it or you dont. I dont think that is true at all. I do accept that some people are born entrepreneurs. We have all heard about people who started their first business in primary school ND became millionaires before they even left school. They often come out of ordinary circumstances, but something drove them on. These people are amazingly successful but, for every high-profile born entrepreneur, there are hundreds of people who have quietly built up a successful business from scratch. We Just dont hear about them, unless we are lucky enough to know them . So how does E cell help students to become successful entrepreneurs, even those who might never have thought about anything other than to get a good Job once they graduate? We INSPIRE them. We introduce them to great people who are not only successful at what they do, but are passionate about business, almost to the point of being evangelical. We make it real, we expose them to people who are Just like them, young entrepreneurs who never thought they could run a business, but are living proof of what can be achieved in Just a few years. We BELIEVE in them. We give them opportunities to try out their business ideas in a competitive, but nurturing environment. We run a New Ideas competition that is simple to enter and gives them an opportunity to test out whether there is a genuine business opportunity in their idea. We encourage them to pitch their ideas, to come competent at explaining their concept, and we celebrate their achievements. We ENCOURAGE them. We run a bootlace and a range of workshops that help them to develop their ideas. We mix them up and get them talking to each other, helping them to realize that there are lots of people sharing their Journey. We SUPPORT them. We advise them and mentor them. We introduce them to others who can help them. Most importantly, we teach them to think for themselves and to trust their own judgment. And then we with them! So do E cell activities make any difference to the number of students starting genuineness, or are we simply tapping into an existing, self selecting cohort? Its true that at E cell, we are fortunate in attracting some of the brightest students to participate in our activities. There also is no doubt in my mind that what we are doing in provides these young people the inspiration to take the first step, and the skills they need to make their business ideas a success. What do you think? Can people be taught to become entrepreneurial? Do post your comments and Join in the discussion. 30 Great Quotes to Inspire and Motivate the Aspiring Entrepreneur Do you mentor or someone that you follow to help fuel your Entrepreneurial Drive? Well if you dont, get one! Having a mentor is a great way to keep that nave a Entrepreneurial flame alight, following in the footsteps of a successful person who has already been in your shoes and focused on their dream hard enough to make it a reality. By following a mentor and studying the process which took them from being an ordinary person to a wealthy and successful entrepreneur, you are increasing the chances of becoming a success yourself. When looking for inspiration I often find yeses consulting Google for quotes and interesting nuggets of information that has been said by some of the worlds most extraordinary entrepreneurs. In a way it is a reminder that other people have experienced what you too are facing, and that if you are relentless when pursuing your goals, you can and will achieve them! Todays post is quite a fun one and if Im honest, it was only supposed to be 15-20 quotes but I Just kept on finding such great quotes that I had to extend it to 30 L could probably make it 50! The following is a compilation of various motivational quotes from famous entrepreneurs and are in no particular order, nor are they a definitive list of the best quotes ever. This is a list of my personal favorites and some that have helped me to focus on my goal of becoming a successful entrepreneur and internet marketer. I am sure that you have some favorite quotes of your own and I would love to hear them there are Just so many quotes out there that it would be impossible to define which are the best so feel free to add some of your favorites in the comments section in Backbone. Along with each of their quotes I have also managed to give some more details on each of the entrepreneurs below, which you might find interesting. For example some of the net worth figures below are truly staggering and really do allow you to put into perspective the kind of success that some of these guys have had Enjoy! Name: Steve Jobs Age: 55 (born February 24th, 1955) Occupation: Co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Apple Net Worth: $6. 1 billion Quote: mirror time is limited, so dont waste it living someone elses life. Dont be trapped by dogma which is living with the results of other peoples thinking. Dont let the noise of others opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become.

The Ipremier Company Denial of Serivice Attack. Case Analysis Essay Example

The Ipremier Company: Denial of Serivice Attack. Case Analysis Paper The iPremier Compant (A): Denial of Service Attack Summary of the case: iPremier, a Seattle based company, was founded in 1996 by two students from Swathmore College. iPremier had become one of a few success web-based commerce, selling luxury, rare, and vintage goods over the Internet. Most of iPremier’s goods sell between fifty and a few hundred dollars, and the customer buys the products online with his or her credit card. iPremier’s competitive advantage is their flexible return policies which allows the customer to thoroughly check out the product and make a decision to keep the product or return it. The majority of iPremier customers are high end, and credit limits are not a problem. iPremier had contracted with Qdata, an Internet hosting business. Qdata provided iPremier with most of their computer equipment and connectivity to the Internet. Qdata was not an industry leader and was selected because it was located close to iPremier’s company headquarters and had been serving iPremier throughout the course of its new and developing business. Qdata did provide basic floor space, power, connectivity, environmental control, and physical security, and offered some high-level management services such as monitoring of web sites for customers and Internet security services such as firewall protection. On January 12, 2007, iPremier Web servers were brought to a standstill. A denial-of-service (DoS) attack had occurred. Hackers launched the attack on iPremier. Luckily for iPremier, this was only a denial-of service attack, possibly launched by a script-kiddie, or even a competitor trying to disrupt service. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ipremier Company: Denial of Serivice Attack. Case Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Ipremier Company: Denial of Serivice Attack. Case Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Ipremier Company: Denial of Serivice Attack. Case Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The attack could have been a lot worse. iPremier’s customers pay for their purchases with credit cards, and they keep a data base containing all credit card information on their customers. The credit card database is. However, it leaves them vulnerable to an attack by hackers. If a hacker had obtained total access to their system customer credit card numbers could have been in jeopardy. As the events unfold, iPremier managers discover problems with their plans for responding to crises and struggle to understand and control the situation. 1. How well did this company perform during the attack? The company did not perform as well as they should have been able to. There were multiple areas where problems arose, such as the technical architecture of the IT system, relying only on the 3rd party, Qdata, to monitor their IT infrastructure, keeping out of date manuals, and not maintaining their emergency procedures. However, some people trying to fix the attack did an adequate job considering the problems the company had. Joanne and Leon Ledbetter did everything in their power to restore the website and protect the customer data, which even included running red lights. Leon was so new that he didn’t know exactly what to do. Training for an emergency would have proven useful. The CIO, Bob Turley, knew of the emergency protocol and out of date manuals, but never did anything to alleviate these problems. This put the company in a significant disadvantage, and created a bigger problem than what was necessary. Faced with this problem, Turley was able to facilitate direction for the company as best as he could, which ended with the security breach stopping. Even after the attack, when the company did not know whether the customer information, which included credit card information, the company had no intention to announce the security breach to the public. This can be detrimental to the company if customers became impacted because of this issue. This is probably an unethical response to this event, and further shows how bad the company performed during this crisis. 2. What should they have done differently, before or during the event? One of their main problems was relying solely on Qdata to monitor their IT infrastructure. It sounds like Qdata was not keeping up to date with their investments in technology and adequate personnel. When Joanne was at Qdata, she made it sound as if the staff was uneducated and only allowed her limited access to resolve the situation. Their Website monitoring system and Internet security services did little to nothing to help resolve the situation. Another problem was iPremier neglecting to update their facilities and equipment because they wanted to focus more on expanding the company. This is a risky move because as the company grows the IT infrastructure needs to row to keep up with the greater risks a failure could cause. iPremier was not prepared for an attack; they could not even find their binder full of procedures in case of an emergency such as this one. They also had turned off their ability to log detailed information in case of an attack and Joanne believed that their firewall had not been set up properly. For this reason, they have no idea for why the attack h ad stopped. In some instances it may have appeared that they had panicked a little too much. They almost notified the police of the incident. They would have been a very hasty and unnecessary move. As far as I know, the police would have not been able to do anything to help the situation and at the same time the press would have access to the story. This would have hurt iPremier’s public relations and upset their executives and BOD. Their panic may also have caused an accident. Joanne was driving fast and running red lights. Again, if she got into an accident and the press got hold of why the accident occurred, there would have been a negative press release about the company. 3. What should they do in the after math of the event? Premier learned the hard way with this web’s attack that they needed to find a more effective outsourcing client. iPremier needs to realize the importance of security, especially in the e-commerce world where there is unlimited access through the Internet to valuable customer information. Security needs to be the top priority of any e-commercial company. They should make some changes to effectively solve their security problem. First of all, their existing contract with Qdata needs to be renegotiated. This will allow employees at iPremier to act as consultants for Qdata and help them upgrade their existing system. The consulting time will be an added cost, however it is far less expensive to consult rather than hiring another outsourcing client. Second of all, iPremier need to separate its web server from its critical system; this will help to eliminate access to important information by a hacker. No system is totally safe from an attack but the separation of systems will help to deter amateur hackers. Beside, iPremier needs to develop a plan of attack if they undergo a DoS again. By doing so, they can have a strategy to implement before, during, and after a denial-of-service. If their plan is effective the system then down time ill be decreased, and vital information will be secure again in a timely manner. Also when an attack occurs iPremier needs to have an expert to call to effectively walk top-level executives through the process of getting their system up and running. Finally iPremier’s current firewall needs to be updated with the addition security for example filter or sniffer, to successfully inhibit information packets that will initiate a DoS attack. 4. What, if anything, should they say to customers, investors, and the public about what has happened? iPremier’s made had no plan to announce the attack to customers. This may be a costly mistake. Because iPremier does not know the extent of the attack, or what was targeted, they do not know the extent of the risk to their customer. Officials of the company feel that making the attack public could risk their reputation from a public relations standpoint. However, not informing customers of the attack could be more costly. iPremier must quickly determine how they are going to approach this problem from an IT standpoint: will they hire another firm to research or will they work with Qdata to investigate the event? Next, iPremier should make a public announcement concerning the potential risk of compromised customer credit cards. Premier should also announce that their plan to remedy this problem and inform customers of how they will keep customer information safe in the future. Finally, iPremier should make a statement to reflect that they made every attempt to notify the public immediately after the attack to prevent any potential fraud to occur on customer credit cards. A simi lar event occurred with major retailer, TJ Maxx, several years ago. TJ Maxx did not discover the information leak for several months, and did not inform the public for some time after that. Not only did this create a public relations nightmare for TJ Maxx, there were also legal ramifications to their decisions. iPremier is correct in assuming they may lose customers in this process. However, the alternative approach, to remain silent, could prove more detrimental. Many customers will appreciate the honesty and the opportunity to close compromised credit cards immediately. On the other hand, if iPremier takes no action, and customer cards are compromised, they will face strong customer dissatisfaction and potential legal ramifications as well.

The Best Doughnuts in Manila Essays

The Best Doughnuts in Manila Essays The Best Doughnuts in Manila Essay The Best Doughnuts in Manila Essay We choosed J. Co because it was one of the fastest growing doughnut store here in Manila. According to Saco (2013) J. Co came here in the Philippines on March 16, 2012, that is almost a year and a half and it has gathered the attention of the consumers and I think thats the greatest achievement the we have achieved. It is truly amazing that they had achieved a lot in that short-period of time thats why we had chosen it. J. Co was originally from Jakarta, Indonesia it was built by Johnny Andrean, a hairstylist and a businessman. J. Co means Johnny and company ecause he has lots of businesses in Indonesia. We can say that J. Co is a successful business because a lot of people wait in line Just to get some their doughnuts and it was featured many times on televisions. Saco also added that the looks of their doughnuts have played a role on attracting their target market. We also know that Andrean is a hairstylist so almost all of the doughnuts they sell are appealing to the eyes and have a class. Their doughnuts are also hand-made and the materials that they use goes to a quality test to give the consumer a unique taste. We can see these n their best-selling doughnut Alcapone, it was named before the most-wanted gangster in America, it is a ring donut with chocolate garnished with almonds. The other factor that makes them different from other doughnut businesses is that if you buy 2 dozens you can actually save than buying their 1 dozen or only 1 donut. Plus, the name of their business contributes in attracting their business target because they have received different praises from their customers giving them the identity and popularity that they now have. Those people who doesnt know what brand of oughnut to buy will refer or asks to those who frequently buys doughnuts or search the web for answers so the brand name does play a great role. J. Co doughnuts also maintain the quality of their doughnuts, specially their best-selling, and often create new flavors of doughnuts giving their customers a wide-variety of flavors. Although J. Co admits that they need to establish more branches to solve the problems of long waiting lines, they explained that everyone of their doughnuts is handmade by their bakers so it takes more time to create a perfect doughnut for the customer. J. Co will open more branches in luzon, visayas and mindanao because they are struck by the demand of people who wants their products. For those who buys and loves doughnuts should watch out for J. Co because they are improving the services that they are giving through opening more branches here in the Philippines, maintaining the quality of their doughnuts Just like how their customers like it by making doughnuts handmade and with precision but with a much more affordable prices. The Best Doughnuts in Manila By Janielle-Madlansacay

Finnish Culture of Michigans Upper Peninsula

Finnish Culture of Michigan's Upper Peninsula Tourists to the remote towns of the Upper Peninsula (UP) of Michigan may be puzzled by the many Finnish flags adorning local businesses and homes. Evidence of Finnish culture and ancestral pride is ubiquitous in Michigan, which is less surprising when taking into account that Michigan is home to more Finnish Americans than any other state, with the majority of these calling the remote Upper Peninsula home (Loukinen, 1996). In fact, this region has more than fifty times the proportion of Finnish Americans than the rest of the United States (Loukinen, 1996). The Great Finnish Emigration   Most of these Finnish settlers arrived on American soil during the â€Å"Great Finnish Immigration.† Between 1870 and 1929 an estimated 350,000 Finnish immigrants arrived in the United States, many of them settling in an area that would be come to known as the â€Å"Sauna Belt,† a region of especially high population density of Finnish Americans encompassing the northern counties of Wisconsin, the northwestern counties of Minnesota, and the central and northern counties of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (Loukinen, 1996).   But why did so many Finns choose to settle half a world away? The answer lies in the many economic opportunities available in the â€Å"Sauna Belt† that were extremely scarce in Finland, a common dream to earn enough money to buy a farm, a need to escape from Russian oppression, and the Finn’s deep cultural connection to the land. Finding Home Half a World Away Like Finland, Michigan’s many lakes are the modern day remnants of glacial activity from thousands of years ago. In addition, due to Finland and Michigan’s similar latitude and climate, these two regions have very similar ecosystems. Both areas are home to seemingly ubiquitous pine-dominated mixed forests, aspens, maples, and picturesque birches. For those living off the land, both regions are located on beautiful peninsulas with a rich fish stock and woods full of delicious berries. The forests of both Michigan and Finland are home to a plethora of birds, bears, wolves, moose, elk, and reindeer. Like Finland, Michigan experiences bitterly cold winters and mild summers. As a result of their common high latitude, both experience very long days in the summer and significantly shortened daylight hours in the winter. It is easy to imagine that many of the Finnish immigrants arriving in Michigan after such a long sea voyage must have felt like they had found a piece of home half a world away. Economic Opportunities The primary reason Finnish immigrants chose to immigrate to the US was for the job opportunities available in the mines prevalent in the Great Lakes area. Many of these Finnish immigrants were young, uneducated, unskilled men who had grown up on small rural farms but did not own land themselves (Heikkil Uschanov, 2004). By Finnish rural tradition, the eldest son inherits the family farm. As the family plot of land is generally only large enough to support one family unit; splitting the land among siblings just was not an option. Instead, the oldest son inherited the farm and paid the younger siblings a cash compensation who were then forced to find work elsewhere (Heikkil Uschanov, 2004). The Finnish people have a very deep cultural connection to the land, so many of these younger sons who were unable to inherit land were looking for some way to earn enough money to buy land to operate their own farm. Now, in this point in history, Finland was experiencing rapid population growth. This rapid population growth was not accompanied by a rapid increase in industrialization, as seen in other European countries during this time, so a widespread job shortage occurred. At the same time, American employers were actually experiencing a labor shortage. In fact, recruiters were known to come to Finland to encourage frustrated Finns to immigrate to America for work. After some of the more adventurous Finns took the leap to emigrate and sailed to America, many wrote back home describing all of the opportunities they had found there (Loukinen, 1996). Some of these letters were actually published in local newspapers, encouraging many other Finns to follow them. â€Å"Amerika Fever† was spreading like wildfire. For the young, landless sons of Finland, immigration began to seem like the most viable option. Escaping Russification The Finns met these efforts to effectively eradicate their culture and political autonomy with widespread backlash, especially when Russia mandated a conscription law that forcibly drafted Finnish men to serve in the Russian Imperial Army. Many young Finnish men of conscription age saw serving in the Russian Imperial Army as unjust, unlawful, and immoral, and chose instead to emigrate to America illegally without passports or other travel papers. Like those who ventured to America seeking work, most if not all of these Finnish draft-dodgers had intentions to eventually return to Finland.   The Mines The Finns were wholly unprepared for the work that awaited them in the iron and copper mines. Many had come from rural farming families and were inexperienced laborers. Some immigrants report being ordered to begin work the same day that they arrived in Michigan from Finland. In the mines, most of the Finns worked as â€Å"trammers,† the equivalent of a human pack mule, responsible for filling and operating wagons with the broken ore. Miners were horrendously overworked and were subjected to extremely dangerous working conditions in an era where labor laws either didn’t properly exist or were largely unenforced. In addition to being completely ill-equipped for the manual component of mining work, they were equally unprepared for the transition from the completely culturally homogenous rural Finland to a high stress working environment working side by side with other immigrants from many different cultures speaking many different languages. The Finns responded to the massive influx of other cultures by shrinking back into their own community and interacting with other racial groups with great hesitation. Finns in the Upper Peninsula Today With such a high proportion of Finnish Americans in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, it is no wonder that even today Finnish culture is so intricately intertwined with the UP. The word â€Å"Yooper† means several things to the people of Michigan. For one, a Yooper is a colloquial name for someone the Upper Peninsula (derived the acronym â€Å"UP†). Yooper is also a linguistic dialect found in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan that is heavily influenced by Finnish due to the masses of Finnish immigrants who settled in Copper Country. In the UP of Michigan it is also possible to order a â€Å"Yooper† from Little Caesars Pizza, which comes with pepperoni, sausage, and mushrooms. Another signature UP dish is the pasty, a meat turnover that kept the miners satisfied through a hard day’s work in the mine. Yet another modern reminder of the UP’s Finnish immigrant past lies in Finlandia University, a small private liberal arts college established in 1896 in the thick of Copper Country on the Keweenaw Peninsula of the UP. This University boasts a strong Finnish identity and is the only remaining university established by Finnish immigrants in North America. Whether it was for economic opportunities, an escape from political oppression, or a strong cultural connection to the land, Finnish immigrants arrived in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in droves, with most, if not all, believing that they would soon return to Finland. Generations later many of their descendants remain in this peninsula that looks eerily like their motherland; Finnish culture is still a very strong influence in the UP.

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 16

Reflection Paper - Essay Example Allen infers that he never bothers to use a more energy intensive and expensive technology in areas where a simple technology can serve a similar purpose. In place of industrial fertilizer, he opts to create his own compost rations that serve the same purpose as the industrial fertilizer. The captioned picture in the book where Allen is standing at the top of a gigantic compost pile speaks volume of the sheer capacity of a simple technology which is less energy intensive. The compost is made from recycled farm waste, brewery waste, coffee grounds, and food waste. The composting operation is run in a greenhouse that absorbs several thousand pounds of coffee grounds from the surrounding restaurants and mash which is an output from an organic restaurant. Other inputs include tons of vegetables and fruits that are usually collected from local food banks. The composting process emits enough heat to warm up the greenhouses during the freezing winters in Milwaukee. In case of alternative, heaters and lighting in the greenhouse can be used to warm up the structure. This would have been a more costly exercise as heaters and lighting equipment would have to be acquired at a cost and additional costs put in place for fuel or electricity. Simple technology from the compost making process has addressed the problem. The way the compost is managed also depicts Allen’s preference towards simple technology which is energy efficient. Instead of commercially manufactured enzymes, Growing Power uses thousands of worms which are tasked with the responsibility of producing castings by breaking down the food scraps (Allen & Charles 62). The process makes compost and top-grade organic fertilizer every eight weeks. The thousands of worms are equally bred in huge bins which are made out of scrap lumber. Allen finds ways to innovate through fabrications of much simpler version of technology which achieves the desired

Rio Carnival Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Rio Carnival - Essay Example The social background to the Carnival is that it was once considered to be a riotous, disorganized and essentially anti-authoritarian expression by the people that the government was forced to accept because of its popularity but which it did not positively condone. The Rio Carnival found its roots in the 1830's when the city's rich imported the practice of holding balls and masquerade parties from Paris. Gradually, over the next century, the festival took on the shape that it now holds, acquiring elements derived from African and South American Indian cultures. It is this mixture of cultures into a remarkably diverse and yet recognizably unified "Rio Carnival" that is the prime social characteristic of the celebration. The Carnival is the reason that Rio de Janeiro is famous throughout the world. Indeed, it may be the only thing that most people know about the city. This influences both the social and economic identity of the city, for better or worse. Thus while the original idea came from France, the cordoes were introduced by the Portuguese in the late 1800s. The cordoes were groups of people who danced through the streets playing music and generally celebrating. They are known today as blocos, and consist of people who dress in theme costumes and celebrate Carnival in a specific way. Certain neighborhoods are associated with certain blocos. In a social aspect that stems from a number of different traditions, a "fat man" is elected to act out the role of the Rei Morno, or the "King of Carnival" (Cowley, 2002). In recent years, cultural changes within the world as a whole, and within the developed world in particular, have been reflected within the social makeup of the Rio Carnival. For example, many different travel companies advertise the "Gay Rio Carnival" in which "the beaches are loaded with eye candy as far as the eye can see . . . people joke that everyone seems a little gay during carnival" (zoom, 2007). Small gay festivals have become a part of Carnival, and may be regarded as part of a sub-culture of hedonism in which this city, known for its surprisingly permissive attitudes vis--vis social mores, becomes even more accepting during this celebration of freedom. There is a great mixture of factors going into the social impact of Carnival upon the city in particular, and the country in general. As Teissl puts it: Carnival is all the little festivals and parades in the streets and favelas, Rio de Janeiro's poor quarters. Carnival is also masked balls, elegant and often uninhibited - even debauched, where one sees fewer masks but plenty of skin, And Carnival is a time for competition in which countless participants pay thousands of dollars for luxurious and fantastic costumes. But Carnival is also a time of fraternization, tolerance, and genuine human friendship. (Teissl, 2000) So variety and indeed a degree of contradiction exists within Carnival. Thousands of dollars may be spent on a single costume for a rich masked ball while in some neighborhoods that still attempt to celebrate Carnival the average yearly wage may not reach that amount. This contrast can be seen in two main ways. One, more positive manner is to regard it as showing just how universal the feelings and atmosphere surrounding Carnival is. Thus, within this interpretation, "Carnival" is a transcendent social structure which

Harley Davidsons Customer-centered supply Chain Essay Example for Free

Harley Davidsons Customer-centered supply Chain Essay 1. How can Harley Davidson marketing and sales, personnel interact with its purchasing personnel to further strengthen the supply chain and improve customer loyalty? To further strengthen the supply chain and improve customer loyalty. Harley Davidson marketing and sales personnel must interact with its purchasing personnel to integrate the supply chain from supplier of raw materials and getting the product delivered into the hand of user at the right time, cost and quality user need it. Harley integrated effort must focuses on people, process and technology to improve supply chain development by enhance quality, reduce cost and improve delivery time to make sure every stage of supply chain reach their objective and satisfy customer need and wants. People The Supply chain improvement effort involves participation from all Harley productions such as marketing, sales, supplier, engineers, transporter and other involver with Harley. All of them must have the knowledge about customer need and wants. Marketing and sales personnel must have a good knowledge about customer need and wants. This is to ensure the best information can be transferred to purchasing personnel for making purchasing material that can suite customers need and wants. Harley marketing and sales personnel make a community marketing; they dont just sell a motorcycle but also selling an ownership experience. Harley Davidson delivers membership in a community, arranges adventure tours and sells a lifestyle for the Harley purchaser, it can be concluded total product far exceeds the motorcycle. All activities are to make sure the marketing and sales personnel kumpulkan data about the customer need and want, and easily transfer to purchasing personnel to make development about the material. Marketing and sales personnel also must make market-based assets, such as strong branding, strong customer base and strong partner networks, when product development from the customers information database launches the new product introduction. It will help maintain firm performance and greater chance of success, as customers are more willing to try a new offer from a strong brand. This supply chain development through enhance quality, reduce cost and improve delivery time can easily be done if the people in the Harley fully participate to achieve it and indirectly improve customer loyalty. Process Harley-Davidson is known for delivering a consistently high quality product. There are a number of different areas in the process that affect their quality, starting with product design. They work to design quality into the products they develop, and they do this through a concurrent pride methodology, which is very specific for both product development and the input that they get on design from marketing and sales people, engineers, manufacturing people, and suppliers. They involve everyone in the early stages, and everyone effectively designs products together to suite customer need and wants and indirectly improves customer loyalty. Technology. Fast information from marketing and sales personnel is important, so Harley use communication technology via web portal to transform customer buying habits through their dealer and supply chain control for their demand on material. It makes all the material came to factory just in time and safe a lot of money. Just in time inventory was driving force of Harley quality-improvement program. As they operate with lower inventories, it becomes essential that all inventories are usable and it all have to be a good one. Harley-Davidson could not compete on price against the Japanese motorcycle producers, so it had to establish other market values and improve quality. Harley had to change from a company which dictated what its customers could have to strategies based on direct input from customers. A marketing philosophy was developed based on the customers desires, gathered through surveys, interviews and focus groups. For example Harley image promotes: a mystique appearance, individualism, the feeling of riding free, and the pride of owning a legend. Harley customer relations give a free 1-year membership to the Harley Owners Group (HOG), which was developed in 1983 as a program to keep people active with their Harley and community advertising campaign. 2. What is the role of technology in Harleys supply chain? What additional uses of technology can you identify that might be useful to Harley focus on dealer and ultimate customer? The role of technology in Harley is to cut on communication and administrative time via their department, suppliers, dealers and customers. Harley use Harley-Davidson Suppliers Network (www. hdsn.com), the portal with web base technology to let all department, suppliers and dealer view purchasing order, inventory and material information order in real time. This should make Harley buying system more efficient, reducing time and reducing the amount of inventory in plant in other worth it enhance quality, reduce cost and improve delivery time. From the technology Harley can easily identified which dealer have a problem from their database. The company implemented a program to concentrate on helping its dealers develop the up-to-date business skills they need to sell motorcycles more effectively. The headquarters sponsored training programs that call Harley-Davidson University via this technology. The dealers are considered to be business partners and the headquarters plays an active role in developing programs, financing improvements, implementing support and management consultants. The dealers also invest their own money into these programs which allows them to feel like apart of the company. Harley-Davidson treats the dealers not only as partners, but also as customers. Harley has developed a very effective marketing strategy, but it is the responsibility of manufacturing to produce high quality and reliable motorcycles. 3. Some of Harleys suppliers also supply key Harley competitors. How can Harley be sure these suppliers will not share competitive information with its competitors? How important is trust between suppliers and business buyers? Global business environment has become more unstable, supplier negotiations have taken important new role on helping improve corporate competitiveness. The goal of most supplier negotiations today is no longer just to get the lowest price. It is also to find new and innovative ways to meet a wide variety of business challenges, often by tapping into the knowledge and expertise of the supplier community and a good relationship. Harley can be sure their suppliers will not share competitive information with competitors on 3reasons. i. Harley is focused on building closer relationships with suppliers. The company does not use contracts but has instead begun to use the master supply agreement (MSA). The MSA is a list of guidelines for the relationship, rules to follow, and resolutions should problems arise, used with ?strategic suppliers with whom they anticipate having long-term relationships. Harley is just beginning to formalize the process of certifying suppliers as strategic, the cycle maker has such relationships with about 250 of its 350 suppliers. These suppliers command special attention from Harley and are invited quarterly for business planning meetings (BP). BPs are thematically organized meetings designed to help supplier understand Harleys strategic issues. They give suppliers an opportunity to provide input and feedback, as well as coordinate on new projects. Strategic suppliers are brought in early to the design phase. They are brought in house, and many even have desks at Harleys Capitol Drive research and design facility. Their input is solicited at the idea phase so that there do not have to be many revisions during the development process. They are also kept informed of the latest Harley strategies through a company newsletter, Harley World. ii. Supplier Management Procurement Strategies of Wisconsin OEMs- Instead of purchasing all the parts for its brake systems and then assembling them in-house Harley would purchase an assembly that it would integrate with other purchased assemblies. Now, entrance into the Harley supply base will increasingly be secured through possession of the technologies and capabilities to build whole systems. Even if a supplier still supplies discrete parts directly to Harley, they will increasingly need to be able to apply new processes to those parts in order to continue doing business with the company, and new suppliers are added yearly as Harley pursues new technological capacities. iii. Suppliers have opportunity to have direct business buyer with full effort to help them to meet demands through its continuous improvement team. Harley good relationship makes them think twice to share competitive information with its competitors. For example Unisource Com. Supplier to Harley has grown from RM1. 5million in 1998 to between RM15-20million on 2001. This opportunity is like a gold mine to let go and broke master supply agreement that they have promise. Trust between suppliers and business buyer have advantage and disadvantage: i. Trust between suppliers and buyers generates significant benefits including motivating better performance and reducing negotiation time ii. Breaking apart, a trusted buyer-supplier relationship can be a significant barrier to entry for competitors. iii. The negative side of trust is that it can blind you to opportunities that arise outside established relationships The important of trust depend on both relationship, are those relationship have the objective to help each other to reach their objective. If yes the trust is most important thing between supplier and business buyer in other word they must have win-win situation.

People’s Republic of China Country Analysis Essay -- mao zedong, china,

Located in Southeast Asia along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, China is one of the oldest countries in the world, comprising of a culture that has continuously shaped itself over the past 4,000 years to form what is known today as, the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Known as the father of the PRC, Mao Zedong formed the PRC on 1Oth October 1949, ending a long process of governmental upheaval that began with the Chinese Revolution of 1911. Currently, China is one of the worlds few socialist states openly endorsing communism, ruled by the Communist Party of China (CPC), and endorses substantial constraints on its people, such as restrictions on access to the internet, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, formation of social organizations, freedom of religion, and even the right to have children . Though, the principles of China greatly differ from those of the United States of America, the U.S. seeks to build a partnership with China, based on mutual benefit and resp ect. China has held a seat at the UN since 1971, and is a permanent member of the UN Security Council, allowing it to work with the international community to address threats to global security. China is one of the world’s top exporters, and has a fast growing major economy, with growth rates rising at an average of 10% over the past decade . In February of 2011, China became the world’s second largest economy, overtaking the country of Japan, which held the title for the past 40 years . China’s rapid and unprecedented economic growth is a boon to the country; however, it may prove unsustainable and become a detriment to the overall well being of the nation. One of the principal problems incurred by China’s hurried economic growth is a dangerous incre... ...losing credibility amongst members of the international community. Another major event in China transpired in March 2013 when the governmental leadership changed, both a new Premier Li Keqiang, and a new President Xi Jinping were appointed. Neither man is a stranger to China’s political atmosphere, having held significant power and influence within the government from other political positions in the past. One of the biggest expected changes brought on by their rise to power, is China’s continued role in the International Community. The new administration hold’s the belief that China’s swift rise to an economic superpower represents a shift in global power from ‘West’ to ‘East’. The U.S. entered into a recession in lasting from late 2007 until early 2009 , while China’s economy was reaching all time highs, challenging global models of economic governance.

Define Philosophy Essay

Philosophy can be defined in many ways; William Thomas of the Atlas Society defines it as â€Å"a comprehensive system of ideas about human nature and the nature of the reality we live in.   It is a guide for living, because the issues it addresses are basic and pervasive, determining the course we take in life and how we treat other people.†Ã‚   (Thomas, 2005)   Nigel Warburton, author of Philosophy: The Basics explains his definition in simpler terms by saying that philosophy is an activity performed by philosophers and that it is â€Å"a way of thinking about certain sorts of questions.†Ã‚   (Warburton, 2004, p. 1) Many times the word ‘philosophy’ is used in a broad sense to mean â€Å"one’s general outlook on life, or else to refer to some forms of mysticism.†Ã‚   (Warburton, 2004, p. 1)   Other professionals believe that philosophy can not actually be defined, that the question is â€Å"too abstract† or â€Å"too controversial† because philosophers can not seem to come together with one specific answer.   (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The word philosophy derives from the ancient Greeks and it is defined as the â€Å"love of wisdom.†Ã‚   (Thomas 2005)   The most distinctive feature of philosophy is its use of logical argument.   Philosophers invent their own argument and/or pass judgment on the arguments of others by analyzing and clarifying the concepts surrounding the specific topic in question.   (Warburton, 2004, p. 1) In essence, philosophers simply create a logical question and then ask â€Å"how it all fits together.†Ã‚   (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contemporary sciences began with a philosophical inquiry followed by a scientific method of experimentation that leads to the ultimate proof of the truth behind the question.   The most common topics that philosophy addresses are â€Å"metaphysics, the theory of reality; epistemology, the theory of knowledge; ethics, the theory of moral values; politics, the theory of legal rights and government; Aesthetics, the theory of the nature of art.† (Thomas 2005) Though these topics are common, with philosophy you can study any topic as it also includes subfields such as â€Å"philosophy of religion, of law, of economics, of biology, of mathematics, of computers, of psychology, of art, of music, and so on.†Ã‚   (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2004)   The goal of philosophy is to ask the question of how any of these topics are related to each other â€Å"in an overall world view.†Ã‚  Ã‚   (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The philosopher utilizes the logical argument when working towards a conclusion.   The logical argument takes a broad approach to the question at hand by studying the variety of reasons behind the truth of a specific question.   The logical argument determines â€Å"the condition under which the truth of certain beliefs leads naturally to the truth of some other beliefs† and draws attention to the various ways we are led to believe something that isn’t true.   (Kemerling, 2001) In the logical argument, the philosopher takes into consideration a group of propositions and how each relates to the other in support of a particular conclusion.   The transition from the argument to the conclusion, or the logical connection, is the â€Å"inference on which the argument relies.†Ã‚   (Kemerling, 2001)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The scientific or factual arguments in other disciplines, such as biology or psychology, have a direct path to their answers.   This type of argument will lead â€Å"from truth to truth† or how the premise and the conclusion relate directly to each other in a specific argument.   (Kemerling, 2001) In other words, the conclusion of this type of argument would be illustrated in the statement â€Å"Strawberries are red.†Ã‚   The truth of the factual questioning has â€Å"no bearing on that of the others.†Ã‚   (Kemerling, 2001) The sciences take a focus that is specialized and in a more restricted domain and not how each domain relates to the other.   (Thomas 2005)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philosophy is a discipline that raises deep questions and how each conclusion relates to the other.   The philosopher searches for a conclusion by â€Å"integrating everything one knows about reality (metaphysics) or humanity (epistemology, ethics, politics and aesthetics).† (Thomas 2005)  Ã‚  Ã‚   In essence, in Philosophy you can study any topic and how they relate to each other in an â€Å"overall world view.†Ã‚   (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2004)   Philosophers’ methods vary, however a similarity is in the fact that each question the authorities in various fields.   For example the medical professionals decide what medication works best for common ailments and religious professionals designate specific texts that detail what is required, the philosopher does not declare that any one entity can determine what is right or wrong.   (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many argue that there is no point to study philosophy, that questioning the â€Å"meaning of our existence† can be dangerous and that ultimately humans will begin to believe that they are paralyzed.   (Warburton, 2004, p. 3)   It is human nature for us to question why we exist, do our lives have purpose or are we living in a dream.   People who study philosophy believe that it is important to thoroughly examine these questions because of the overwhelming believe that â€Å"an unexamined live is not worth living† (Warburton, 2004, p. 3) Philosophers believe that humans base their lives on principles that seem entirely sound and just, however until those principles are examined in depth and the prejudices are removed, we can not be entirely certain of their validity.   (Warburton, 2004, p. 3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philosophers will continue to study various broad topics and make an attempt at combining various world views into a single coherent system of thought.   This particular science is beneficial because by analyzing the arguments that support or disprove certain topics at hand humans learn various skills that can be transferred into other areas of life.   (Warburton, 2004, p. 4)   Historically the study has proven itself to provide us with various solutions to life issues that would have otherwise remained a mystery. References Kemerling, G. (2001, October 27). Arguments and Inference. Retrieved from http://www.philosophypages.com/lg/e01.htm Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2004, May 17). What is Philosophy? Retrieved from http://www.dartmouth.edu/~phil/whatis/wsa.html Thomas, W. (2005). What is Philosophy? Retrieved from http://www.objectivistcenter.org/cth-32-409-FAQ_Philosophy.aspx Warburton, N. (2004). Philosophy:   The Basics (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. Retrieved May 1, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=110822702

Simple Stimulus Learning

a. Explain the concept of habituation. The American Heritage Dictionary defines habituation in terms of psychology is the decline of a conditioned response following repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus. That is an action done over and over in response to a specific situation. One way we learn is by repetition of a specific response across a number of situations (Carducci, 2002). The more we do something the more we have learned it. Then when exposed to the stimulus (an agent, action, or condition that elicits or accelerates a response), regardless of situation, then we perform the behavior. Habituation takes place in small children when trying to teach a new concept or in adults with amnesia when needing to learn a lost skill. Schools use habituation for spelling test and new math concepts. On Mondays students are given the list of spelling words, then each day the write out the words [five times each], find the definitions of each word, write the words in sentences, and then tested on the spelling of each word on Friday. A person suffering from amnesia that lost the knowledge of driving can regain the skill through habituation. b. Analyze the factors that affect perceptual learning. As with most learning, positive reinforcement or rewards have played a factor in how quickly and adequate we learn. Perceptual learning occurs when there is repeated exposure to a specific stimulus followed by a reward, in the form of praise, monetary, or good feelings. It has been proposed that perceptual learning may occur through a reinforcement process, in which consistently pairing stimuli with reward is sufficient for learning (Franko, 2010). In the spelling test example above the positive reinforcement in learning the spelling words is the grade received on the spelling test. Another important factor to perceptual learning is that the stimulus is recognizable and the reinforcement is desirable. In the amnesia case above the person knew how to drive at one time, and currently has a driver’s license (their reinforcement). They would be more inclined to want to learn to drive again to regain independence and also to utilize the already have license. c. Examine the effects of stimulus exposure. If used correctly stimuli have the intended effect of response and learning. The same stimuli will not work the same on everyone, and will not always produce the same response. A good stimulus done correctly will have a positive effect with the desired response (Mundy, 2009). Just as a bad stimuli done incorrectly will have a negative effect with either no response or the opposite desired response (Mundy, 2009). A stimuli that is exposed to too quickly will result in false memory; person replaces what they think they saw (the lost exposure) with an image from memory and report that as what they saw. Schedule of exposure to similar stimuli contributes to the degree of perceptual learning over and above the amount of exposure in a variety of species and stimuli (Mundy, 2009).

Science 1 Investigation Essays

Science 1 Investigation   Essays Science 1 Investigation   Essay Science 1 Investigation   Essay To investigate the effect of huddling on temperature loss in a model animal Planning Penguins and other animals in cold conditions often huddle together for warmth. I am going to do an investigation to see if this method is effective. I will do this by testing the temperature of water from a test tube every minute for ten minutes and then test the temperature of the water from two test tubes in a huddle of seven, one from the middle and one from the edge. I will make the test is fair by measuring out 10cm of water in each of the test tubes by using a beaker. I will also make sure, by using a thermometer, that its at an equal temperature at the start of the experiment. I will also repeat the investigation at least twice to make sure my results are conclusive. Since I will be dealing with hot water I will have to be as careful as possible not to spill it. I will do this by keeping the test tubes in test tube racks when not in use. Prediction I predict that the test tube in the middle of the huddle will stay at a higher temperature and that the lone test tubes temperature will drop at a faster rate. I think this will happen because: * Heat energy causes particles to vibrate more rapidly so extra kinetic energy in the particles will get dissipated to the surroundings. * The lone test tube is not insulated and because of this the heat loss will be greater. Where as the test tube in the middle of the huddle will be insulated by the other six test tubes. * The heat radiation from the test tubes in the huddle will keep the temperature from dropping as fast as the lone test tube will. Results Time (minutes) Single Test tube c Inside Test tube c Outside Test tube c 0 61 61 63 1 56 57 61 2 54 58 59 3 52 57 56 4 49 56 56 5 48 55 55 6 47 53 53 7 45 51 50 8 40 50 49 9 39 49 48 10 38 48 48 Time (Minutes) Single Test tube c Inside Test tube c Outside Test tube c 0 66 65 65 1 60 64 64 2 58 63 63 3 56 62 60 4 55 61 59 5 52 60 59 6 52 59 58 7 49 57 57 8 48 56 56 9 47 54 53 10 45 52 49 The prediction, which I made before the experiment, proved to be correct in both the experiments that I carried out. The lone test tube cooled at a greater speed than the inside test tube and at the end of experiment 1 there is a difference of 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c which is clearly shown on the line of best fit graph. The inside test tubes temperature decreases at a fairly steady rate of 1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c 2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c per minute. Where as the lone test tube doesnt seem to follow a steady pattern and can decrease at the rate of 1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c 5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c per minute. So in conclusion I have found out that the huddling of penguins and other animals is very effective for keeping heat in the bodies and stopping heat energy becoming dissipated to its surroundings. Evaluation I felt that my results were not completely reliable due to lack of equipment. I had planned on using a Bunsen Burner to heat my water to the correct temperature but had to use a kettle, which made it hard to get an equal starting temperature. Because of this I based my conclusion for experiment 1 on how many degrees Celsius the temperature would decrease per minute. After repeating the experiment with an equal starting temperature I feel that my results are conclusive. Also, in experiment 1, there is a surprising rise in temperature that I have circled in yellow on my graph. This is probably due to my thermometer touching the side of the glass test tube. This doesnt have an effect on my final conclusion as I did a second experiment. I found that after doing my second experiment the results followed a very similar pattern and are therefore conclusive.

20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing 20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing 20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing By Mark Nichol Clipped forms, shortened abbreviations of words, have a checkered history. Some are acceptable in formal writing, and others aren’t. When writing in academic contexts, in business writing, or another formal environment, take note of the status of these common clipped forms: 1. Ad: In formal writing, the full form, advertisement, is usually employed. 2. Bra: This clipped form of brassiere, from the French word for â€Å"bodice† (its euphemistic meaning: â€Å"arm protector†), has supplanted the longer form in all but the most stiffly formal writing. 3. Burger: If ever a reference to this fast food staple makes its way into formal writing, the short form of hamburger is just as likely to appear as the long form. 4. Bus: Omnibus (Latin for â€Å"all†), a word for a horse-drawn public-transportation conveyance, gave the right of way to its short form around the time such vehicles became motorized. 5. Copter: The full form, helicopter, is best for formal writing. 6. Deli: Though this word has been in use for at least a half century, delicatessen, from the German word for â€Å"delicacies,† is best for formal usage. 7. Exam: Examination was clipped back in the late 1800s and has long since been used even in formal writing. 8. Flu: The short form of influenza (Italian for â€Å"influence,† from the medieval supposition that illness was the result of celestial perturbations) is several hundred years old and has long been acceptable even in formal medical texts. 9. Fridge: This term, unusual not only in that the full form, refrigerator, has been clipped at both ends but also in that the spelling has been altered to reflect the pronunciation, is suitable for informal writing only. 10. Gas: Gasoline is much more likely to appear in formal writing than its clipped form. 11. Gator: This clipped form of alligator, in spite of its nearly 200-year-old tenure in the English language, is considered slang. 12. Gym: Most formal references to a school building for athletic activities will use the full form, gymnasium, which many patrons might be amused to learn stems from the Greek word for â€Å"naked,† because athletes in ancient Greece trained and competed nude. Because Greek gymnasiums were centers of intellectual education as well, the full term is often used in Europe to refer to what might in the United States be called a preparatory school (which, by the way, has its own clipped form: â€Å"prep school†). 13. Memo: So pervasive is this clipped form of memorandum that many people may not even know its origins. (The full word ultimately derives from the Latin for â€Å"memory.†) 14. Movie: Even more taken for granted than memo is this diminutive form of â€Å"moving picture,† which, if you step back from it, may appear silly looking and juvenile. Formal writing often refers to the medium as film or cinema, but movie is also acceptable. 15. Phone: The original term, telephone, is still often used in formal writing, but the clipped form is just as likely to be used. 16. Plane: Plane has become as acceptable as airplane in formal writing. 17. Pro: Professional, the full form, is the preferred usage in formal contexts. 18. Quake: This clipped form of earthquake is, despite long usage, still considered informal. 19. Tie: The full form, necktie, is all but obsolete. (Perhaps the clothing accessory will be, too, before long.) 20. Typo: This slang for â€Å"typographical error† is over a century old but is still considered substandard usage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?Social vs. Societalâ€Å"Least,† â€Å"Less,† â€Å"More,† and â€Å"Most†

History and Reconstruction of Cutty Sark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History and Reconstruction of Cutty Sark - Essay Example In the United States, clipper ships â€Å"represents a powerful symbol of American ingenuity and entrepreneurship. A pivotal moment in American maritime history, the clipper ship era is a story charged with national pride, romance, competition, and rapidly changing technology† (Curtis 2004). Its invention was a critical focal point in the development of the global economy. The Suez Canal was opened in the year 1869 that provided short-cut routes for countries of distant locations, setting off the competition between steam-mobilized liners and clipper ships. However, this was also the period when clipper ships were seldom preferred for commercial purposes. One of the last clipper ships built for opium trading functions in China to England was the Cutty Stark. BRIEF HISTORY OF CUTTY STARK Cutty Sark was considered to be â€Å"one of the most famous of the great clippers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (History 2012). Her construction was completed in 1869 by the order of the shipping mogul Jock Willis. During this time, Cutty Stark was one of the fastest clipper ships in England, initially built for the purpose of tea trade between China and England. Nevertheless, due to the opening of Suez Canal 1 by the same year, steam-mobilized ships had an easier and shorter course for China which resulted into a short-lived maritime trade bustle of Cutty Sark. She then was shifted for wool business in Australia where she operated for ten years. It was one of the last clipper ships created for the tea trade between England and China from 1840 to 1870. Its first touch of the seabed took place on its launching on November 22, 1869 afternoon in Dumbarton. Since the Suez Canal opened, it cut the travel period of steam vessels to the Far East overwhelmingly (History 2012, para. 3). Also, â€Å"the winds of the Red Sea and the Mediterranean were not suited to the clippers though† (History 2012, para. 3) and which resulted into her pitiable revenues in the 1870s. Consequently, its jou rney to Australia for wool trade acquired the upper hand, â€Å"setting speed records between London and Melbourne and Sydney (History 2012). For ten years, Cutty Sark held prevalent reputation and prominence because of its fast tours. Nevertheless, in 1895, Cutty Sark’s speed gradually waned and had become less rewarding. Following the zenith of her success, Cutty Sark completely lost its sense of residence. She was sold several times to companies and people including Captain Dowman, who after recollecting Cutty Sark’s heydays, â€Å"brought her to Falmouth, where she was restored and opened to the public† (History 2012). After Dowman’s demise in 1936, Cutty Sark was then transferred to a â€Å"navy Training College at Greenhithe† (History 2012, para. 7) and was used for maritime training by the students of the college. A FIRE DESTROYED CUTTY SARK On 21 May 2007, the iconic Cutty Shark, which was temporarily closed for a maintenance work, shocked everyone when it grabbed hold of a fire and burned down for many hours before the fire was contained by the London Fire Brigade. The fire-fighters battled the fire for more than two hours. â€Å"Fire-fighters were called to the scene at 0445 BST and the flames were put out by 0700 2 BST† (BBC News 2007). The Fire Brigade of London together with the Metropolitan police, after analysing the CCTV video, initially concluded that â€Å"arson† was a possibility; nevertheless, they were not able to gather proofs that would

A mobile application tool, which uses persuasive design to encourage Literature review

A mobile application tool, which uses persuasive design to encourage young adults to make healthier food alternatives - Literature review Example Furthermore, the chapter is also based on reviewing the works of different authors about the aspects of balanced diet, the development of eating behaviour risks owing to unhealthy eating along with parents’ role in shaping the behaviour towards food choices. Different persuasive technologies that are used for shaping the attitudes of people towards healthy food choices have also been described in this chapter. 2.2 Unhealthy Eating Behaviours and Obesity Poor eating behaviour is regarded as a key public concern within young adults particularly during educational and early career life (Hampshire County Council, 2007). During this time, they are exposed to a lot of pressure from study and work related circumstances in order to meet the daily requirements and at times they find themselves in a prevalent scenario wherein they hardly find time to eat healthy foods in a regular expected duration, thereby they often revert to unhealthy food options (Hampshire County Council, 2007). Th ese aspects generate a barrier against the adoption of healthy behaviour such as unhealthy eating habits and substance abuse among others (Hampshire County Council, 2007). Although these behaviours are regarded as temporary, at this age, the unhealthy eating habits can persist in the life of older adults (Hampshire County Council, 2007). Rapid changes in physical health and psychological developments have positioned young grownups as a nutritionally vulnerable group with weak eating behaviours who are unable to satisfy the dietary requirements (Hampshire County Council, 2007). Therefore, it can be recognised that in order to tackle the scenario of unhealthy eating behaviours and allied obesity, there is a requirement for young adults to focus on consuming a balanced diet which can enable them to nurture desired physical developments. 2.2.1 What Is a Balanced Diet In order to encourage healthy eating practices, balanced diet is important for young adults. According to School of Publi c Health (n.d.), balanced diet supports good health and helps to maintain a fit body for individuals. The development of a healthy eating habit facilitates an individual to become easily accustomed to balanced food intake behaviour. . For any balanced diet, it is particularly important to obtain the right amount and right type of foods. Unfortunately, most of the young individuals do not consume healthy diets which at times result in the creation of heart related illness and overweight (School of Public Health, n.d.). Along with ensuring a focus on balanced diet, there is a profound need to derive an understanding of how eating behaviours of young individuals are developed. 2.2.2 How Eating Behaviours Are Developed of Young Adults There are several aspects which determine the eating behaviour among individuals. For example, according to King & et. al. (2007), at times environmental factors bring about unhealthy behaviours among young adults. The growing number of shopping malls, con venience stores, restaurants and fast

Gillette Companys Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gillette Companys Marketing Plan - Essay Example Gillette is such one brand of this corporation. It is a brand of safety razors and other personal hygiene range of products. The razors of this company protect the skin from all parts of the razor except the edge alone. The skin is in contact with the edge of the razor alone. This is as opposed to cut-throat razors also called straight razors. Here, the skin is contact with the whole of the razor. A safety razor reduces the risk of injury to the skin. That is the reason why they are preferred by men for shaving. Gillette used to be a company on its own. It was started in 1895 (Bonoma 56). The founder was King C. Gillette. He named the company after himself. It used to deal with a range of consumer goods, the safety razors included. However, in the year 2005, more than a century after been founded, the company was acquired by Procter & Gamble (Bonoma 57). That is how it ended up been a brand of this multinational corporation. It is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. It no longer exists as a company now, but as a brand. Not only does Gillette produce safety razors for shaving, it also has a range of other products. It produces antiperspirants, hair care and body products. Its products are aimed for grooming, especially in males. It has Gillette shave gel and after shave (Cundiff 98). These products are designed to make the shaving experience for the man as comfortable as possible. Gillette's anti-deodorant is said to be of clinical status. The hair products are also designed for the man (Bonoma 25). They include stylers, shampoos and hair conditioners. It also has a wide range of shower gels for men (Ferrell 56). They include those aimed for dry skin, oily and normal skin. They also include face wash gels for men. The gels were hitherto thought to be the preserve of women. Target Market for Gillette Products The target market for Gillette Company products is the young men aged between sixteen and thirty-four years (Cundiff 36). The grooming products especially are targeted at this age bracket. Gillette has aggressive promotional campaigns aimed at this group. The challenge is to convince these men that grooming is not the preserve of women. It used to sponsor a soccer game every Saturday in the 1990's. This was called Soccer Saturday. It was aired by Sky Sports Channel (Ferrell 98). An average of one million young males watched this program in the year 2005-2006. This was an average of one million every month. This made up around a quarter of the target population for the Gillette products (Bonoma 98). Gillette has used Soccer Saturday to not only market the existing brands, but also as a launching pad for new products (Ferrell 78). This is what happened when the company introduced Mach3, Turbo and M3Power range of products. In terms of market growth, the company's products continue to enjoy popularity amongst the target population. They are the most famous. Gillette is likely to remain the leader in this market. A SWOT Analysis of Gillette Company Strengths Gillette Company has obvious strengths that work to its advantage. These are internal factors that help it to remain the most popular company in this area. First, the company is managed by qualified professionals (Cundiff 45). The staffs are also highly qualified professionals in their field. For a company to be productive, every sector must be headed by a qualified person. Every department in this company is headed by a quali

Psychological Contract: Work-Life Balance in Retail

Psychological Contract: Work-Life Balance in Retail Title: A contemporary analysis of the concept of work life balance and the effects of the psychological contract within the business. Geared towards retail. A compiled list of the 6 main sources of information that could be used with justification as to why they are relevant and a paragraph on key theories/models, analysis tools that would be used in this dissertation. A total of around 600 words. With regard to the paper recently completed, this addendum represents some further thoughts and resources which would be required to expand the work into a wider study. There are three themes which would need to be pursued in a more detailed examination of this topic. The nature of the generic Psychological Contract. The nature of the Psychological Contract in the Retail Sector, and its relationship with marketing. The nature of HRM and SHRM (Strategic Human Resources Management) in the Retail Sector. These themes would need to be explored across a range of material, beginning with secondary sources, and ideally extending into qualitative primary research involving HR professionals, and retail staff themselves. The six main related secondary and primary sources. Guest, D.E., and Conway, N., (2004), Employee Well-being and the Psychological Contract: A Report for the CIPD, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. This source is essential because it provides an insight into both the agreed definitions of the psychological contract within the HR profession, and the application of that model in their vocational practice. Buchanan, D., and Huczynski, A., (2006), Organizational Behaviour: An Introductory Text, Prentice Hall/Financial Times, London. This source is essential as a prà ©cis of the relevant motivational theories, work of Herzberg, McGregor, Maslow, Adams, Vroom, Porter and Lawler. Analysis of the implications of McGregor’s X and Y theories of reward/coercion, and Herzberg’s concept of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, as set out in Brooks, I., (2003), Organisational Behaviour: Individuals, Groups and Organisation, 2nd Ed, FT-Prentice Hall, London, and Fincham, R., and Rhodes, P., (2005), Principles of Organisational Behaviour, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Within the extrinsic and intrinsic reward model, extrinsic rewards may be thought of as those of material considerations and working conditions, whilst intrinsic rewards are more honorific and interpersonal. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions index, as set out in Hofstede, G., (2003), Cultures and Organizations: Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival, Profile Business, London, and Gerte Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Website, INTERNET, available at http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php?culture1=95culture2=18#compare [viewed 26.10.08], would need to be employed to assess the different motivational models and tolerances which are increasingly visible in a multi-cultural workforce, and a globalizing retail sector. This would have to take account of Hofestede’s ideas of power distance, collectivism/individuality, long or short-term orientation, masculinity/femininity, and uncertainty avoidance. A comparative study of employee relationships between retail workers in Waitrose and the John Lewis partnership, and an other large retail group, i.e. Tesco’s, Woolworth or Argos. The rationale for this is that the John Lewis group is the only one to deploy an extensive profit sharing remuneration scheme with its employees. Comparative primary study of attitudes between retail employees and customers of the John Lewis partnership, and another, non-profit sharing retail group in the UK. To be carried out through a combination of†¦ questionnaires comprising binary yes/no responses and written answers to set questions. A small number of in-depth and semi-flexible individual interviews. Key theoretical approaches here would be evolved around a balance of phenomenological and positivist research formats, to obtain qualitatively useful data, which could also support statistical models with a possible wider application. McGregor’s extrinsic/intrinsic scale model questionnaire could be employed to lend a positivist dimension to the attitudinal data produced. This paper outlines some key themes in contemporary retailing HRM, focusing particularly on the significance of the psychological contract within the business, and the concept of work life balance. It argues that contemporary economic and trading conditions have tended to expose the way in which both issues are treated in the retail sector, and attributes this to continued trends for tertiary and part-time employment patterns. As Hooley et al. observe, ‘†¦Well developed marketing resources (assets and capabilities), when deployed in the marketplace, can lead to superior market performance. Satisfied and well motivated staff (a prime marketing asset), for example, can make a significant contribution to creating satisfied and loyal customers’ (Hooley et.al., p.21). At boardroom level however, contemporary pressures on costs may impinge upon staff CPD and retention. In the first instance, it may be helpful to foreground the concept of the psychological contract itself. As Sonnetag observes, ‘There is relatively consistent empirical evidence for a positive relationship between specific aspects of individual well being and.performance.’ (Sonnetag, p.4110 ). One way in which this symbiosis between employee motivation and output can be achieved, is through a management style which exceeds the formal terms of the contractual obligation in terms of an equitable relationship. As Williams indicates. ‘..this interpersonal aspect to fairness reminds us that there is a social basis to the exchange relationship between employer and employee and we might expect this to be part of the psychological contract.’ (Williams,1998: p.183). The concept of the psychological contract rests on the idea that workplace relationships inevitably develop beyond those encapsulated in explicit frameworks, hierarchies, and job descriptions. It is there fore perfectly feasible for management to de-motivate staff even though they are formally empowered to do so – by breaching ‘informal’ or psychologically accepted principles. As Guest and Conway point out, ‘†¦built on the three pillars of fairness, trust and delivery of the deal between organizations and employees, a positive psychological contract is the best guarantee of good performance outcomes.’ (Guest and Conway, 2003: p.vii). There is much empirical evidence to suggest that retail employers are acting to redress percived inadequacies in this area. For example, as Murray reports, fast-food giant McDonald’s has acted to improve its image since the term ‘McJob’ entered the Oxford english Dictionary, denoting ‘†¦an unstimulating, low-paid job with few prospects†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Murray 2008: n.p.) Part of the response has been to initiate CPD programmes which combine flexible working arrangements with learning programmes to develop staff skills and accreditation. Other retail management and service sector managers also see this as the route to recruit and retain the best staff. As Jack Constantinides, vice-president HR and business partner for Monster for Europe West and Prague explains, ‘People are looking for more from their job than just a chunky pay package – including job satisfaction, career prospects, training, benefits and crucially work-life balance’. (Murray 2008: n.p.). This suggests that, where costs will allow, more mature businesses may see the creation of value as the route to business stability through intrinsic as well as extrinsic employee reward. However, contemporary trading conditions may militate against the expenditure of such on-costs, at least for the time being. As Taylor reports, ‘The disclosure last week that Marks and Spencer wants to reduce redundancy benefits for staff has sparked union fears that the retail group is preparing the way for large-scale job cuts.’ (Taylor 2008: n.p.). MS are obviously not the only high-profile high street victims: As Kilgren and Braithwaite observe of the troubled Woolworth chain, ‘Up to a third of the 1,000 retail division staff at head office may lose their jobs†¦ PwC, auditor to Woolworth’s, pointed to material uncertainties which may cast significant doubt about the companys ability to continue as a going concern.’ (Kilgren and Braithwa ite, 2008: n.p.). When discussing the issue of work life balance amongst retail employees, it is arguably unhelpful to regard this couplet as representative of a homogeneous and undifferentiated employee group. In a sector strongly associated with casualized, part-time, and often female labour, it is important to recognize the way in which different social groups may derive a satisfactory relationship between their home and working lives. As Kirby observes, ‘At a time when female â€Å"returners† are set to become an increasingly significant element in the UK workforce, British retailing remains highly dependent on part-time female labour. At the same time, working conditions appear not to be as attractive as they might be. Pay remains low and career prospects and training opportunities are poor, especially for part-time employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Kirby 1993: p.205). It is at this point that the psychological contract and work-life balance are arguably drawn closer together, a point which may be reinforced by considering the motivational theories of Adams. As Huczyinski and Buchanan explain, ‘Adams proposed that we compare our rewards (pay, recognition) and contributions (time, effort, ideas) with the outputs and inputs of others. Equity thus exists when these rations are equal. Rewards can include a range of tangible and intangible factors†¦Inputs similarly relate to any factor that you believe you bring to the situation†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Huczyinski and Buchanan 2007: p.249). In other words, employers face a range of competing challenges when balancing employee satisfaction with business objectives. Bibliography Braithwaite, T., and Kilgren, L., ‘Woolies plans job cuts in bid to reduce its costs’, Financial Times, 18 September 2008, INTERNET, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/96ef9e80-8519-11dd-b148-0000779fd18c.html, [viewed 14.10.08], n.p. Murray, S., ‘Staff want more than just their pay packet’, Financial Times, 8 July 2008, INTERNET, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eafbdc08-46af-11dd-876a-0000779fd2ac.html, [viewed 14.10.08], n.p. Bromley, R.D.F., and Thomas, C.J., (ed), (1993), Retail Change: contemporary issues, UCL Press, London. Guest, D.E., and Conway, N., (2004), Employee Well-being and the Psychological Contract: A Report for the CIPD, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. Hooley, G., Saunders, J., Piercy, N., (2004) Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning (3rd Edition) Prentice Hall, Essex Kirby, D.A. ‘Working conditions and the trading week’, in Bromley, R.D.F., and Thomas, C.J., (ed), (1993), Retail Change: contemporary issues, UCL Press, London, pp.192-207. Sonnetag, S., (ed), (2002), Psychological Management of Individual Performance, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. Stacey, K., and Rigby, E., ‘Retail supply chain begins to turn rusty’, Financial Times, 8 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a67ef3ae-94d3-11dd-953e-000077b07658.html [viewed 14.10.08], n.p. Taylor, A., ‘Inquiries on how to shed staff soar’, Financial Times, 25 Aug 2008, INTERNET, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6c8bed96-723c-11dd-a44a-0000779fd18c.html [viewed 15.10.08], n.p. Van der Lippe, T., and Peters, P., (2007), (eds), Competing Claims in Work and Family Life, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Williams, R.S., (1998) Performance Management: Perspectives on Employee Performance, International Thomson Business Press, St.Ives.